Preoperative issues in clinical nutrition
McClave, S. A., Snider, H. L., & Spain, D. A. (1999). Preoperative issues in clinical nutrition. CHEST, 115(5), 64S–70S.

Glucose and glutamine gavage increase portal vein nitric oxide metabolite levels via adenosine A2b activation
Matheson, P. J., Spain, D. A., Harris, P. D., Garrison, R. N., & Wilson, M. A. (1999). Glucose and glutamine gavage increase portal vein nitric oxide metabolite levels via adenosine A2b activation. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 84(1), 57–63.

Decreased alpha-adrenergic response in the intestinal microcirculation after "two-hit" hemorrhage resuscitation and bacteremia
Spain, D. A., Kawabe, T., Keelan, P. C., Wilson, M. A., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (1999). Decreased alpha-adrenergic response in the intestinal microcirculation after "two-hit" hemorrhage resuscitation and bacteremia. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 84(2), 180–185.

Blunt carotid artery injuries: Difficulties with the diagnosis prior to neurologic event
Carrillo, E. H., Osborne, D. L., Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., Senler, S. O., & Richardson, J. D. (1999). Blunt carotid artery injuries: Difficulties with the diagnosis prior to neurologic event. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 46(6), 1120–1125.

Common and external iliac artery injuries associated with pelvic fractures
Carrillo, E. H., Wohltmann, C. D., Spain, D. A., Schmieg, R. E., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (1999). Common and external iliac artery injuries associated with pelvic fractures. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA, 13(5), 351–355.

Enteral tube feeding in the intensive care unit: Factors impeding adequate delivery
McClave, S. A., Sexton, L. K., Spain, D. A., Adams, J. L., Owens, N. A., Sullins, M. B., … Snider, H. L. (1999). Enteral tube feeding in the intensive care unit: Factors impeding adequate delivery. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, 27(7), 1252–1256.

Infusion protocol improves delivery of enteral tube feeding in the critical care unit
Spain, D. A., McClave, S. A., Sexton, L. K., Adams, J. L., Blanford, B. S., Sullins, M. E., … Snider, H. L. (1999). Infusion protocol improves delivery of enteral tube feeding in the critical care unit. JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION, 23(5), 288–292.

The continuing challenge of Fournier's gangrene in the 1990s
Olsofka, J. N., Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., & Polk, H. C. (1999). The continuing challenge of Fournier's gangrene in the 1990s. AMERICAN SURGEON, 65(12), 1156–1159.

Empyema and restrictive pleural processes after blunt trauma: An under-recognized cause of respiratory failure
Watkins, J. A., Spain, D. A., Richardson, J. D., & Polk, H. C. (2000). Empyema and restrictive pleural processes after blunt trauma: An under-recognized cause of respiratory failure. AMERICAN SURGEON, 66(2), 210–214.

Should trauma surgeons do general surgery?
Spain, D. A., Richardson, J. D., Carrillo, E. H., Miller, F. B., Wilson, M. A., & Polk, H. C. (2000). Should trauma surgeons do general surgery? JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 48(3), 433–437.

Practice management guidelines tor prophylactic antibiotic use in tube thoracostomy for traumatic hemopneumothorax: The EAST practice management guidelines work group
Luchette, F. A., Barrie, P. S., Oswanski, M. F., Spain, D. A., Mullins, C. D., Palumbo, F., & Pasquale, M. D. (2000). Practice management guidelines tor prophylactic antibiotic use in tube thoracostomy for traumatic hemopneumothorax: The EAST practice management guidelines work group. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 48(4), 753–757.

Discussion
Barie, Fabian, Barie, Malangoni, Malangoni, Rodriguez, … Fabian. (2000). Discussion. American Journal of Surgery, 179(2A), 7-?

Discussion
POLK, Fabian, POLK, Fabian, LIVINGSTON, Rodriguez, … CROCE. (2000). Discussion. American Journal of Surgery, 179(2A), 24–25.

Discussion
Spain, CROCE, Rodriguez, CROCE, Rodriguez, LIVINGSTON, … Barie. (2000). Discussion. American Journal of Surgery, 179(2A), 30-?

Discussion
Barie, CROCE, Spain, POLK, Barie, POLK, … Boucher. (2000). Discussion. American Journal of Surgery, 179(2A), 39–40.

Blunt hemopericardium detected by surgeon-performed sonography
Carrillo, E. H., Schirmer, T. P., Sideman, M. J., Wallace, J. M., & Spain, D. A. (2000). Blunt hemopericardium detected by surgeon-performed sonography. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 48(5), 971–974.

Routine intragastric feeding following traumatic brain injury is safe and well tolerated
Klodell, C. T., Carroll, M., Carrillo, E. H., & Spain, D. A. (2000). Routine intragastric feeding following traumatic brain injury is safe and well tolerated. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 179(3), 168–171.

Prehospital hypotension as a valid indicator of trauma team activation
Franklin, G. A., Boaz, P. W., Spain, D. A., Lukan, J. K., Carrillo, E. H., & Richardson, J. D. (2000). Prehospital hypotension as a valid indicator of trauma team activation. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 48(6), 1034–1037.

Lazaroid and pentoxifylline suppress sepsis-induced increases in renal vascular resistance via altered arachidonic acid metabolism
Krysztopik, R. J., Matheson, P. J., Spain, D. A., Garrison, R. N., & Wilson, M. A. (2000). Lazaroid and pentoxifylline suppress sepsis-induced increases in renal vascular resistance via altered arachidonic acid metabolism. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 93(1), 75–81.

Evolution in the management of hepatic trauma: A 25-year perspective
Richardson, J. D., Franklin, G. A., Lukan, J. K., Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., … Flint, L. M. (2000). Evolution in the management of hepatic trauma: A 25-year perspective. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 232(3), 324–329.

Sustained infection induces 2 distinct microvascular mechanisms in the splanchnic circulation
Zhao, H. L., Spain, D. A., Matheson, P. J., Vaughn, C., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (2000). Sustained infection induces 2 distinct microvascular mechanisms in the splanchnic circulation. SURGERY, 128(4), 513–518.

Sepsis increases NOS-2 activity and decreases non-NOS-mediated acetylcholine-induced dilation in rat aorta
Beach, P. K., Spain, D. A., Kawabe, T., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (2001). Sepsis increases NOS-2 activity and decreases non-NOS-mediated acetylcholine-induced dilation in rat aorta. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 96(1), 17–22.

Does cell-saver blood administration and free hemoglobin load cause renal dysfunction?
Klodell, C. T., Richardson, J. D., Bergamini, T. M., & Spain, D. A. (2001). Does cell-saver blood administration and free hemoglobin load cause renal dysfunction? AMERICAN SURGEON, 67(1), 44–47.

"Incidental" pericardial effusion during surgeon-performed ultrasonography in patients with blunt torso trauma
Lukan, J. K., Franklin, G. A., Spain, D. A., & Carrillo, E. H. (2001). "Incidental" pericardial effusion during surgeon-performed ultrasonography in patients with blunt torso trauma. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 50(4), 743–745.

Successful incorporation of the Severe Head Injury Guidelines into a phased-outcome clinical pathway.
McIlvoy, L., Spain, D. A., RAQUE, G., Vitaz, T., Boaz, P., & Meyer, K. (2001). Successful incorporation of the Severe Head Injury Guidelines into a phased-outcome clinical pathway. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing , 33(2), 72-?

Delayed laparoscopy facilitates the management of biliary peritonitis in patients with complex liver injuries
Carrillo, E. H., Reed, D. N., Gordon, L., Spain, D. A., & Richardson, J. D. (2001). Delayed laparoscopy facilitates the management of biliary peritonitis in patients with complex liver injuries. SURGICAL ENDOSCOPY AND OTHER INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES, 15(3), 319–322.

Penetrating colon injuries requiring resection: Diversion or primary anastomosis? An AAST prospective multicenter study
Demetriades, D., Murray, J. A., Chan, L., Ordonez, C., Bowley, D., Nagy, K. K., … Spain, D. A. (2001). Penetrating colon injuries requiring resection: Diversion or primary anastomosis? An AAST prospective multicenter study. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 50(5), 765–774.

Development and implementation of a clinical pathway for spinal cord injuries
Vitaz, T. W., McIlvoy, L., Raque, G. H., Spain, D. A., & Shields, C. B. (2001). Development and implementation of a clinical pathway for spinal cord injuries. JOURNAL OF SPINAL DISORDERS, 14(3), 271–276.

Impact of recent trends of noninvasive trauma evaluation and nonoperative management in surgical resident education
Lukan, J. K., Carrillo, E. H., Franklin, G. A., Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (2001). Impact of recent trends of noninvasive trauma evaluation and nonoperative management in surgical resident education. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 50(6), 1015–1019.

A multicenter evaluation of whether gender dimorphism affects survival after trauma
Wohltmann, C. D., Franklin, G. A., Boaz, P. W., Luchette, F. A., Kearney, P. A., Richardson, J. D., & Spain, D. A. (2001). A multicenter evaluation of whether gender dimorphism affects survival after trauma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 181(4), 297–300.

Progressive decrease in constrictor reactivity of the non-absorbing intestine during chronic sepsis
Zhao, H. L., Spain, D. A., Matheson, P. J., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (2001). Progressive decrease in constrictor reactivity of the non-absorbing intestine during chronic sepsis. SHOCK, 16(1), 40–43.

Thermal injury in the elderly: When is comfort care the right choice?
Stassen, N. A., Lukan, J. K., Mizuguchi, N. N., Spain, D. A., Carrillo, E. H., & Polk, H. C. (2001). Thermal injury in the elderly: When is comfort care the right choice? AMERICAN SURGEON, 67(7), 704–708.

Handsewn versus stapled anastomosis in penetrating colon injuries requiring resection: A multicenter study
Demetriades, D., Murray, J. A., Chan, L. S., Ordonez, C., Bowley, D., Nagy, K. K., … Spain, D. A. (2002). Handsewn versus stapled anastomosis in penetrating colon injuries requiring resection: A multicenter study. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 52(1), 117–121.

Femoral vessel injuries
Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (2002). Femoral vessel injuries. SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA, 82(1), 49-?

Ventilator-associated pneumonia and surgical patients
Spain, D. A. (2002). Ventilator-associated pneumonia and surgical patients. CHEST, 121(5), 1390–1391.

Do facial fractures protect the brain or are they a marker for severe head injury?
Martin, R. C. G., Spain, D. A., & Richardson, J. D. (2002). Do facial fractures protect the brain or are they a marker for severe head injury? AMERICAN SURGEON, 68(5), 477–481.

Abdominal seat belt marks in the era of focused abdominal Sonography for trauma
Stassen, N. A., Lukan, J. K., Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., & Richardson, J. D. (2002). Abdominal seat belt marks in the era of focused abdominal Sonography for trauma. ARCHIVES OF SURGERY, 137(6), 718–722.

A comparison of alcohol-positive and alcohol-negative trauma patients
Blondell, R. D., Looney, S. W., Krieg, C. L., & Spain, D. A. (2002). A comparison of alcohol-positive and alcohol-negative trauma patients. JOURNAL OF STUDIES ON ALCOHOL, 63(3), 380–383.

Immune-enhancing enteral diet selectively augments ileal blood flow in the rat
Rhoden, D., Matheson, P. J., Carricato, N. D., Spain, D. A., & Garrison, R. N. (2002). Immune-enhancing enteral diet selectively augments ileal blood flow in the rat. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 106(1), 25–30.

When is the seriously ill patient ready to be fed?
Spain, D. A. (2002). When is the seriously ill patient ready to be fed? JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 26(6), S62–5.

Examination of the role of abdominal computed tomography in the evaluation of victims of trauma with increased aspartate aminotransferase in the era of focused abdominal sonography for trauma
Stassen, N. A., Lukan, J. K., Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., Norfleet, L. A., Miller, F. B., & Polk, H. C. (2002). Examination of the role of abdominal computed tomography in the evaluation of victims of trauma with increased aspartate aminotransferase in the era of focused abdominal sonography for trauma. SURGERY, 132(4), 642–646.

Risk factors for delirium tremens in trauma patients
Lukan, J. K., Reed, D. N., Looney, S. W., Spain, D. A., & Blondell, R. D. (2002). Risk factors for delirium tremens in trauma patients. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 53(5), 901–906.

Generalized dilation of the visceral microvasculature by peritoneal dialysis solutions
Zakaria, E. R., Spain, D. A., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (2002). Generalized dilation of the visceral microvasculature by peritoneal dialysis solutions. PERITONEAL DIALYSIS INTERNATIONAL, 22(5), 593–601.

Resuscitation regimens for hemorrhagic shock must contain blood
Zakaria, E. R., Spain, D. A., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (2002). Resuscitation regimens for hemorrhagic shock must contain blood. SHOCK, 18(6), 567–573.

Achievement of steady state optimizes results when performing indirect calorimetry
McClave, S. A., Spain, D. A., Skolnick, J. L., Lowen, C. C., Kjeber, M. J., Wickerham, P. S., … Looney, S. W. (2003). Achievement of steady state optimizes results when performing indirect calorimetry. JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION, 27(1), 16–20.

Intraperitoneal resuscitation improves intestinal blood flow following hemorrhagic shock
Zakaria, E. R., Garrison, R. N., Spain, D. A., Matheson, P. J., Harris, P. D., & Richardson, J. D. (2003). Intraperitoneal resuscitation improves intestinal blood flow following hemorrhagic shock. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 237(5), 704–711.

Immune-enhancing enteral diet increases blood flow and proinflammatory cytokines in the rat ileum
Matheson, P. J., Hurt, R. T., Mittel, O. F., Wilson, M. A., Spain, D. A., & Garrison, R. N. (2003). Immune-enhancing enteral diet increases blood flow and proinflammatory cytokines in the rat ileum. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 110(2), 360–370.

Society of University Surgeons position statement on the volume-outcome relationship for surgical procedures
Berger, D. H., Ko, C. Y., & Spain, D. A. (2003). Society of University Surgeons position statement on the volume-outcome relationship for surgical procedures. SURGERY, 134(1), 34–40.

The continuing challenge of intra-abdominal infection.
Cheadle, W. G., & Spain, D. A. (2003). The continuing challenge of intra-abdominal infection. American Journal of Surgery, 186(5A), 15S–22S.

Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation response after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock involved postreceptor mechanisms
Zakaria, E. R., Garrison, R. N., Spain, D. A., & Harris, P. D. (2004). Impairment of endothelium-dependent dilation response after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock involved postreceptor mechanisms. SHOCK, 21(2), 175–181.

Perioperative risk assessment in elderly and high-risk patients
Richardson, J. D., Cocanour, C. S., Kern, J. A., Garrison, R. N., Kirton, O. C., Cofer, J. B., … Thomason, M. H. (2004). Perioperative risk assessment in elderly and high-risk patients. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 199(1), 133–146.

Management of acute complete tracheal transection caused by nonpenetrating trauma: Report of a case and review of the literature
Chow, J. L., Coady, M. A., Varner, J., Cannon, W., Spain, D., & Brock-Utne, J. G. (2004). Management of acute complete tracheal transection caused by nonpenetrating trauma: Report of a case and review of the literature. JOURNAL OF CARDIOTHORACIC AND VASCULAR ANESTHESIA, 18(4), 475–78.

Interleukin-6 infusion blunts proinflarnmatory cytokine production without causing systematic toxicity in a swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock
Brundage, S. I., Zautke, N. A., Holcomb, J. B., Spain, D. A., Lam, J. C., Mastrangelo, M. A., … Tweardy, D. J. (2004). Interleukin-6 infusion blunts proinflarnmatory cytokine production without causing systematic toxicity in a swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 57(5), 970–977.

Potential targets to encourage a surgical career
Brundage, S. I., Lucci, A., Miller, C. C., Azizzadeh, A., Spain, D. A., & Kozar, R. A. (2005). Potential targets to encourage a surgical career. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 200(6), 946–53.

Education and training of the future trauma surgeon in acute care surgery: trauma, critical care, and emergency surgery
Spain, D. A., & Miller, F. B. (2005). Education and training of the future trauma surgeon in acute care surgery: trauma, critical care, and emergency surgery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 190(2), 212–17.

Are temporary inferior vena cava filters really temporary?
Kirilcuk, N. N., Herget, E. J., Dicker, R. A., Spain, D. A., Hellinger, J. C., & Brundage, S. I. (2005). Are temporary inferior vena cava filters really temporary? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 190(6), 858–863.

Spontaneous splenic rupture: The masquerade of minor trauma
Tataria, M., Dicker, R. A., Melcher, M., Spain, D. A., & Brundage, S. I. (2005). Spontaneous splenic rupture: The masquerade of minor trauma. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 59(5), 1228–30.

Endovascular management of a gunshot wound to the thoracic aorta
Fang, T. D., Peterson, D. A., Kirilcuk, N. N., Dicker, R. A., Spain, D. A., & Brundage, S. I. (2006). Endovascular management of a gunshot wound to the thoracic aorta. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 60(1), 204–8.

Dramatic shift in the primary management of traumatic thoracic aortic rupture
Lebl, D. R., Dicker, R. A., Spain, D. A., & Brundage, S. I. (2006). Dramatic shift in the primary management of traumatic thoracic aortic rupture. ARCHIVES OF SURGERY, 141(2), 177–80.

PERITONEAL LEUKOCYTE RESPONSE FOLLOWING PLACEMENT OF POLYGLYCOLIC ACID INTESTINAL SLING IN PATIENTS WITH RECTAL-CARCINOMA
DEVEREUX, D. F., OCONNELL, S. M., Spain, D. A., & Robertson, F. M. (1991). PERITONEAL LEUKOCYTE RESPONSE FOLLOWING PLACEMENT OF POLYGLYCOLIC ACID INTESTINAL SLING IN PATIENTS WITH RECTAL-CARCINOMA. DISEASES OF THE COLON & RECTUM, 34(8), 670–674.

Early enteral nutrition after abdominal trauma: effects on septic morbidity and practicality.
Weissenfluh, G. M., Brundage, S. I., & Spain, D. A. (2006). Early enteral nutrition after abdominal trauma: effects on septic morbidity and practicality. Nutrition in Clinical Practice , 21(5), 479–84.

Requests for 692 transfers to an academic Level I trauma center: Implications of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
Spain, D. A., Bellino, M., Kopelman, A., Chang, J., Park, J., Gregg, D. L., & Brundage, S. I. (2007). Requests for 692 transfers to an academic Level I trauma center: Implications of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 62(1), 63–67.

Recruitment strategies for a fall prevention program: If we build it, will they really come?
Shandro, J. R., Spain, D. A., & Dicker, R. A. (2007). Recruitment strategies for a fall prevention program: If we build it, will they really come? JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 63(1), 142–46.

Venous air embolism and pressure infusion devices
Mendenhall, M. L., & Spain, D. A. (2007). Venous air embolism and pressure infusion devices. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 63(1), 246–46.

County hospital surgical practice: a model for acute care surgery
Garland, A. M., Riskin, D. J., Brundage, S. I., Moritz, F., Spain, D. A., Purtill, M.-A., & Sherck, J. P. (2007). County hospital surgical practice: a model for acute care surgery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 194(6), 758–764.

Pediatric blunt abdominal injury: Age is irrelevant and delayed operation is not detrimental
Tataria, M., Nance, M. L., Holmes, J. H., Miller, C. C., Mattix, K. D., Brown, R. L., … Brundage, S. L. (2007). Pediatric blunt abdominal injury: Age is irrelevant and delayed operation is not detrimental. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 63(3), 608–14.

CT angiography effectively evaluates extremity vascular trauma
Peng, P. D., Spain, D. A., Tataria, M., Hellinger, J. C., Rubin, G. D., & Brundage, S. I. (2008). CT angiography effectively evaluates extremity vascular trauma. AMERICAN SURGEON, 74(2), 103–7.

Responsible development and application of surgical innovations: a position statement of the Society of University Surgeons.
Biffl, W. L., Spain, D. A., Reitsma, A. M., Minter, R. M., Upperman, J., Wilson, M., … Greenfield, L. J. (2008). Responsible development and application of surgical innovations: a position statement of the Society of University Surgeons. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 206(3), 1204–9.

Insulin increases the release of proinflammatory mediators
Brundage, S. I., Kirilcuk, N. N., Lam, J. C., Spain, D. A., & Zautke, N. A. (2008). Insulin increases the release of proinflammatory mediators. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 65(2), 367–72.

Validation of a Prehospital Trauma Triage Tool: A 10-Year Perspective
Purtill, M.-A., Benedict, K., Hernandez-Boussard, T., Brundage, S. I., Kritayakirana, K., Sherck, J. P., … Spain, D. A. (2008). Validation of a Prehospital Trauma Triage Tool: A 10-Year Perspective. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 65(6), 1253–57.

The impact of hypopituitarism on function and performance in subjects with recent history of traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Srinivasan, L., Roberts, B., Bushnik, T., Englander, J., Spain, D. A., Steinberg, G. K., … Katznelson, L. (2009). The impact of hypopituitarism on function and performance in subjects with recent history of traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Brain Injury , 23(7), 639–48.

Commitment to COT Verification Improves Patient Outcomes and Financial Performance
Maggio, P. M., Brundage, S. I., Hernandez-Boussard, T., & Spain, D. A. (2009). Commitment to COT Verification Improves Patient Outcomes and Financial Performance. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 67(1), 190–95.

Demographic and Financial Analysis of EMTALA Hand Patient Transfers.
Melkun, E. T., Ford, C., Brundage, S. I., Spain, D. A., & Chang, J. (2010). Demographic and Financial Analysis of EMTALA Hand Patient Transfers. Hand (New York, N.Y.), 5(1), 72–76.

Massive Transfusion Protocols: The Role of Aggressive Resuscitation Versus Product Ratio in Mortality Reduction
Riskin, D. J., Tsai, T. C., Riskin, L., Hernandez-Boussard, T., Purtill, M., Maggio, P. M., … Brundage, S. I. (2009). Massive Transfusion Protocols: The Role of Aggressive Resuscitation Versus Product Ratio in Mortality Reduction. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 209(2), 198–205.

Emergency Innovation: Implications for the Trauma Surgeon
Pretz, J. L., Magnus, D., & Spain, D. A. (2009). Emergency Innovation: Implications for the Trauma Surgeon. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 67(6), 1443–47.

Early outcomes of deliberate nonoperative management for blunt thoracic aortic injury in trauma
Caffarelli, A. D., Mallidi, H. R., Maggio, P. M., Spain, D. A., Miller, D. C., & Mitchell, R. S. (2010). Early outcomes of deliberate nonoperative management for blunt thoracic aortic injury in trauma. JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY, 140(3), 598–605.

THE ADEQUACY AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ROUTINE RESUSCITATION-AREA CERVICAL-SPINE RADIOGRAPHS
Spain, D. A., Trooskin, S. Z., Flancbaum, L., BOYARSKY, A. H., & Nosher, J. L. (1990). THE ADEQUACY AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ROUTINE RESUSCITATION-AREA CERVICAL-SPINE RADIOGRAPHS. ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE, 19(3), 276–278.

Characteristics of Pediatric Trauma Transfers to a Level I Trauma Center: Implications for Developing a Regionalized Pediatric Trauma System in California
Acosta, C. D., Delgado, M. K., Gisondi, M. A., Raghunathan, A., D'Souza, P. A., Gilbert, G., … Wang, N. E. (2010). Characteristics of Pediatric Trauma Transfers to a Level I Trauma Center: Implications for Developing a Regionalized Pediatric Trauma System in California. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, 17(12), 1364–73.

Abdominal wall reconstruction with dual layer cross-linked porcine dermal xenograft: The "Pork Sandwich" herniorraphy
Satterwhite, T. S., Miri, S., Chung, C., Spain, D. A., Lorenz, H. P., & Lee, G. K. (2012). Abdominal wall reconstruction with dual layer cross-linked porcine dermal xenograft: The "Pork Sandwich" herniorraphy. JOURNAL OF PLASTIC RECONSTRUCTIVE AND AESTHETIC SURGERY, 65(3), 333–41.

Statins for Everyone Are We There Yet?
Spain, D. A. (2012). Statins for Everyone Are We There Yet? ARCHIVES OF SURGERY, 147(2), 189–89.

Outcomes of Complex Abdominal Herniorrhaphy Experience With 106 Cases
Satterwhite, T. S., Miri, S., Chung, C., Spain, D., Lorenz, H. P., & Lee, G. K. (2012). Outcomes of Complex Abdominal Herniorrhaphy Experience With 106 Cases. ANNALS OF PLASTIC SURGERY, 68(4), 382–88.

The forgotten trauma patient: Outcomes for injured patients evaluated by emergency medical services but not transported to the hospital
Staudenmayer, K., Hsia, R., Wang, E., Sporer, K., Ghilarducci, D., Spain, D., … Newgard, C. (2012). The forgotten trauma patient: Outcomes for injured patients evaluated by emergency medical services but not transported to the hospital. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND ACUTE CARE SURGERY, 72(3), 594–99.

Predictors of emergency department death for patients presenting with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms
Mell, M. W., Callcut, R. A., Bech, F., Delgado, M. K., Staudenmayer, K., Spain, D. A., & Hernandez-Boussard, T. (2012). Predictors of emergency department death for patients presenting with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY, 56(3), 651–55.

Payer status is associated with the use of prophylactic inferior vena cava filter in high-risk trauma patients
Pickham, D. M., Callcut, R. A., Maggio, P. M., Mell, M. W., Spain, D. A., Bech, F., & Staudenmayer, K. (2012). Payer status is associated with the use of prophylactic inferior vena cava filter in high-risk trauma patients. SURGERY, 152(2), 232–37.

Whipple operation revisited.
Spain, D. A., & Greco, R. S. (1990). Whipple operation revisited. New Jersey Medicine : the Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 87(1), 41–44.

Logistics of transfusion support for patients with massive hemorrhage
Goodnough, L. T., Spain, D. A., & Maggio, P. (2013). Logistics of transfusion support for patients with massive hemorrhage. CURRENT OPINION IN ANESTHESIOLOGY, 26(2), 208–14.

Cost-effectiveness of helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for trauma scene transport in the United States.
Delgado, M. K., Staudenmayer, K. L., Wang, N. E., Spain, D. A., Weir, S., Owens, D. K., & Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for trauma scene transport in the United States. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 62(4), 351–64 e19.

HAEMOPHILUS PNEUMONIA IS A COMMON-CAUSE OF EARLY PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING TRAUMA
Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Boaz, P. W., Barnatan, M. F., & Garrison, R. N. (1995). HAEMOPHILUS PNEUMONIA IS A COMMON-CAUSE OF EARLY PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION FOLLOWING TRAUMA. ARCHIVES OF SURGERY, 130(11), 1228–1232.

Transpyloric passage of feeding tubes in patients with head injuries does not decrease complications
Spain, D. A., DEWEESE, C., REYNOLDS, M. A., & Richardson, J. D. (1995). Transpyloric passage of feeding tubes in patients with head injuries does not decrease complications. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 39(6), 1100–1102.

NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITION AGGRAVATES INTESTINAL MICROVASCULAR VASOCONSTRICTION AND HYPOPERFUSION OF BACTEREMIA
Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Barnatan, M. F., Garrison, R. N., GRYER, H. G., & Swan, K. G. (1994). NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITION AGGRAVATES INTESTINAL MICROVASCULAR VASOCONSTRICTION AND HYPOPERFUSION OF BACTEREMIA. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 36(5), 720–725.

NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITION EXACERBATES SEPSIS-INDUCED RENAL HYPOPERFUSION
Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1994). NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITION EXACERBATES SEPSIS-INDUCED RENAL HYPOPERFUSION. SURGERY, 116(2), 322–331.

ROLE OF NITRIC-OXIDE IN THE SMALL-INTESTINAL MICROCIRCULATION DURING BACTEREMIA
Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Barnatan, M. F., & Garrison, R. N. (1994). ROLE OF NITRIC-OXIDE IN THE SMALL-INTESTINAL MICROCIRCULATION DURING BACTEREMIA. SHOCK, 2(1), 41–46.

IS THE TIMING OF FRACTURE FIXATION IMPORTANT FOR THE PATIENT WITH MULTIPLE TRAUMA
REYNOLDS, M. A., Richardson, J. D., Spain, D. A., Seligson, D., Wilson, M. A., & Miller, F. B. (1995). IS THE TIMING OF FRACTURE FIXATION IMPORTANT FOR THE PATIENT WITH MULTIPLE TRAUMA. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 222(4), 470–481.

NITRIC-OXIDE MEDIATES REDISTRIBUTION OF INTRARENAL BLOOD-FLOW DURING BACTEREMIA
Garrison, R. N., Wilson, M. A., Matheson, P. J., & Spain, D. A. (1995). NITRIC-OXIDE MEDIATES REDISTRIBUTION OF INTRARENAL BLOOD-FLOW DURING BACTEREMIA. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 39(1), 90–97.

ALPHA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISM PREVENTS INTESTINAL VASOCONSTRICTION BUT NOT HYPOPERFUSION FOLLOWING RESUSCITATED HEMORRHAGE
THEUER, C. J., Wilson, M. A., Spain, D. A., Edwards, M. J., & Garrison, R. N. (1995). ALPHA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISM PREVENTS INTESTINAL VASOCONSTRICTION BUT NOT HYPOPERFUSION FOLLOWING RESUSCITATED HEMORRHAGE. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 59(2), 292–298.

DIFFERENTIAL MICROVASCULAR RESPONSE TO CYCLOOXYGENASE BLOCKADE IN THE RAT SMALL-INTESTINE DURING ACUTE BACTEREMIA
Gosche, J. R., Spain, D. A., Garrison, R. N., Lubbe, A. S., & Cryer, H. G. (1994). DIFFERENTIAL MICROVASCULAR RESPONSE TO CYCLOOXYGENASE BLOCKADE IN THE RAT SMALL-INTESTINE DURING ACUTE BACTEREMIA. SHOCK, 2(6), 408–412.

AN EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY OF ALTERED NITRIC-OXIDE METABOLISM AS A MECHANISM OF CYCLOSPORINE-INDUCED RENAL VASOCONSTRICTION
BLOOM, I. T. M., Bentley, F. R., Spain, D. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1995). AN EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY OF ALTERED NITRIC-OXIDE METABOLISM AS A MECHANISM OF CYCLOSPORINE-INDUCED RENAL VASOCONSTRICTION. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 82(2), 195–198.

PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR AND SEPSIS-INDUCED SMALL-INTESTINAL MICROVASCULAR HYPOPERFUSION
Barnatan, M. F., Wilson, M. A., Spain, D. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1995). PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR AND SEPSIS-INDUCED SMALL-INTESTINAL MICROVASCULAR HYPOPERFUSION. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 58(1), 38–45.

The delirious ICU patient: often misdiagnosed and undertreated.
Spain, D. A., & Miller, F. B. (1995). The delirious ICU patient: often misdiagnosed and undertreated. Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association, 93(1), 10–14.

RENAL MICROVASCULAR RESPONSES TO SEPSIS ARE DEPENDENT ON NITRIC-OXIDE
Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., BLOOM, I. T. M., & Garrison, R. N. (1994). RENAL MICROVASCULAR RESPONSES TO SEPSIS ARE DEPENDENT ON NITRIC-OXIDE. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 56(6), 524–529.

ANTIBIOTIC OVERKILL OF TRAUMA VICTIMS
Hadjiminas, D., Cheadle, W. G., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Short, A., Starko, K. M., … Rodriguez, J. L. (1994). ANTIBIOTIC OVERKILL OF TRAUMA VICTIMS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 168(3), 288–290.

TRACHEOSTOMY AND PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE HEAD-INJURED TRAUMA PATIENT
DAMELIO, L. F., Hammond, J. S., Spain, D. A., & Sutyak, J. P. (1994). TRACHEOSTOMY AND PERCUTANEOUS ENDOSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE HEAD-INJURED TRAUMA PATIENT. AMERICAN SURGEON, 60(3), 180–185.

OPERATIVE TUBE VERSUS PERCUTANEOUS CHOLECYSTOSTOMY FOR ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
Spain, D. A., Bibbo, C., ECKER, T., Nosher, J. L., & Brolin, R. E. (1993). OPERATIVE TUBE VERSUS PERCUTANEOUS CHOLECYSTOSTOMY FOR ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 166(1), 28–31.

NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL SHATTERED KIDNEYS FROM BLUNT TRAUMA
Spain, D. A., Berger, Y., BOYARSKY, A. H., & Flancbaum, L. J. (1993). NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL SHATTERED KIDNEYS FROM BLUNT TRAUMA. UROLOGY, 41(6), 579–581.

Preoperative saline loading improves outcome after elective, noncardiac surgical procedures
Garrison, R. N., Wilson, M. A., Matheson, P. J., & Spain, D. A. (1996). Preoperative saline loading improves outcome after elective, noncardiac surgical procedures. AMERICAN SURGEON, 62(3), 223–231.

ENDOTHELIN-1 EXPRESSION IN THE SMALL-INTESTINE DURING CHRONIC PERITONITIS
Chou, M. C., Wilson, M. A., Spain, D. A., Hadjiminas, D., Anderson, G. L., Cheadle, W. G., & Garrison, R. N. (1995). ENDOTHELIN-1 EXPRESSION IN THE SMALL-INTESTINE DURING CHRONIC PERITONITIS. SHOCK, 4(6), 411–414.

Predicting the need to pack early for severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage
Garrison, J. R., Richardson, J. D., HILAKOS, A. S., Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., & Fulton, R. L. (1996). Predicting the need to pack early for severe intra-abdominal hemorrhage. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 40(6), 923–927.

Vasomotor response to pentoxifylline mediates improved renal blood flow to bacteremia.
Krysztopik, R. J., Bentley, F. R., Wilson, M. A., Spain, D. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1996). Vasomotor response to pentoxifylline mediates improved renal blood flow to bacteremia. Journal of Surgical Research, 63(1), 17–22.

Complex thoracic injuries
Richardson, J. D., Miller, F. B., Carrillo, E. H., & Spain, D. A. (1996). Complex thoracic injuries. SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA, 76(4), 725-?

Fluid resuscitation attenuates early cytokine mRNA expression after peritonitis
Wilson, M. A., Chou, M. C., Spain, D. A., Downard, P. J., Qian, Q. H., Cheadle, W. G., & Garrison, R. N. (1996). Fluid resuscitation attenuates early cytokine mRNA expression after peritonitis. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 41(4), 622–627.

Free radical scavenging by lazaroids improves renal blood flow during sepsis
Krysztopik, R. J., Bentley, F. R., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1996). Free radical scavenging by lazaroids improves renal blood flow during sepsis. SURGERY, 120(4), 657–662.

Operative strategies for management of abdominal aortic gunshot wounds
Richardson, J. D., Bergamini, T. M., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Carrillo, E. H., Garrison, R. N., … Miller, F. B. (1996). Operative strategies for management of abdominal aortic gunshot wounds. SURGERY, 120(4), 667–671.

Heparan preserves intestinal perfusion after hemorrhage and resuscitation
Watkins, J. M., Spain, D. A., Krysztopik, R. J., Downard, P. J., Wilson, M. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1996). Heparan preserves intestinal perfusion after hemorrhage and resuscitation. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 66(2), 154–158.

Blunt popliteal artery trauma: A challenging injury
Harrell, D. J., Spain, D. A., Bergamini, T. M., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (1997). Blunt popliteal artery trauma: A challenging injury. AMERICAN SURGEON, 63(3), 228–231.

Differential intestinal microvascular dysfunction occurs during bacteremia
Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Krysztopik, R. J., Matheson, P. J., & Garrison, R. N. (1997). Differential intestinal microvascular dysfunction occurs during bacteremia. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 67(1), 67–71.

Venous thromboembolism in the high-risk trauma patient: Do risks justify aggressive screening and prophylaxis?
Spain, D. A., Richardson, J. D., Polk, H. C., Bergamini, T. M., Wilson, M. A., & Miller, F. B. (1997). Venous thromboembolism in the high-risk trauma patient: Do risks justify aggressive screening and prophylaxis? JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 42(3), 463–467.

The role of thoracoscopy in the management of retained thoracic collections after trauma
Heniford, B. T., Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., Sosa, J. L., Fulton, R. L., & Richardson, J. D. (1997). The role of thoracoscopy in the management of retained thoracic collections after trauma. ANNALS OF THORACIC SURGERY, 63(4), 940–943.

Lazaroids prevent acute cyclosporine-induced renal vasoconstriction
Krysztopik, R. J., Bentley, F. R., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1997). Lazaroids prevent acute cyclosporine-induced renal vasoconstriction. TRANSPLANTATION, 63(9), 1215–1220.

Intrahepatic vascular clamping in complex hepatic vein injuries
Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (1997). Intrahepatic vascular clamping in complex hepatic vein injuries. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 43(1), 131–133.

Heme oxygenase-dependent carbon monoxide production is a hepatic adaptive response to sepsis
Downard, P. J., Wilson, M. A., Spain, D. A., Matheson, P. J., Siow, Y., & Garrison, R. N. (1997). Heme oxygenase-dependent carbon monoxide production is a hepatic adaptive response to sepsis. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 71(1), 7–12.

Risk-taking behaviors among adolescent trauma patients
Spain, D. A., Boaz, P. W., Davidson, D. J., Miller, F. B., Carrillo, E. H., & Richardson, J. D. (1997). Risk-taking behaviors among adolescent trauma patients. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 43(3), 423–426.

Bedside percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy - A safe alternative for early nutritional support in critically ill trauma patients
Carrillo, E. H., Heniford, B. T., Osborne, D. L., Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (1997). Bedside percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy - A safe alternative for early nutritional support in critically ill trauma patients. SURGICAL ENDOSCOPY-ULTRASOUND AND INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES, 11(11), 1068–1071.

Glucose-induced intestinal hyperemia is mediated by nitric oxide
Matheson, P. J., Wilson, M. A., Spain, D. A., Harris, P. D., Anderson, G. L., & Garrison, R. N. (1997). Glucose-induced intestinal hyperemia is mediated by nitric oxide. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 72(2), 146–154.

Twelfth rib resection - Preferred therapy for subphrenic abscess in selected surgical patients
Spain, D. A., Martin, R. C. G., Carrillo, E. H., & Polk, H. C. (1997). Twelfth rib resection - Preferred therapy for subphrenic abscess in selected surgical patients. ARCHIVES OF SURGERY, 132(11), 1203–1206.

Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy for airway control
Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., Bumpous, J. M., Schmieg, R. E., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (1997). Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy for airway control. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 174(5), 469–473.

Quality assessment of intraoperative blood salvage and autotransfusion
Spain, D. A., Miller, F. B., Bergamini, T. M., Montgomery, R. C., & Richardson, J. D. (1997). Quality assessment of intraoperative blood salvage and autotransfusion. AMERICAN SURGEON, 63(12), 1059–1063.

Lazaroid improves intestinal blood flow in the rat during hyperdynamic bacteraemia
Krysztopik, R. J., Bentley, F. R., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1997). Lazaroid improves intestinal blood flow in the rat during hyperdynamic bacteraemia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 84(12), 1717–1721.

Impact of trauma attending surgeon case volume on outcome: Is more better?
Richardson, J. D., Schmieg, R., Boaz, P., Spain, D. A., Wohltmann, C., Wilson, M. A., … Fulton, R. L. (1998). Impact of trauma attending surgeon case volume on outcome: Is more better? JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 44(2), 266–271.

Comparison of sequential compression devices and foot pumps for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis in high-risk trauma patients
Spain, D. A., Bergamini, T. M., Hoffmann, J. F., Carrillo, E. H., & Richardson, J. D. (1998). Comparison of sequential compression devices and foot pumps for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis in high-risk trauma patients. AMERICAN SURGEON, 64(6), 522–526.

Thoracoscopy in the management of posttraumatic persistent pneumothorax
Carrillo, E. H., Schmacht, D. C., Gable, D. R., Spain, D. A., & Richardson, J. D. (1998). Thoracoscopy in the management of posttraumatic persistent pneumothorax. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 186(6), 636–639.

Alternatives in the management of penetrating injuries to the iliac vessels
Carrillo, E. H., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Miller, F. B., & Richardson, J. D. (1998). Alternatives in the management of penetrating injuries to the iliac vessels. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 44(6), 1024–1029.

Microvascular changes explain the "two-hit" theory of multiple organ failure
Garrison, R. N., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Keelen, P. A., & Harris, P. D. (1998). Microvascular changes explain the "two-hit" theory of multiple organ failure. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 227(6), 851–859.

Nutritional management in acute and chronic pancreatitis
McClave, S. A., Spain, D. A., & Snider, H. L. (1998). Nutritional management in acute and chronic pancreatitis. GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA, 27(2), 421-?

Effect of a clinical pathway for severe traumatic brain injury on resource utilization
Spain, D. A., McIlvoy, L. H., Fix, S. E., Carrillo, E. H., Boaz, P. W., Harpring, J. E., … Miller, F. B. (1998). Effect of a clinical pathway for severe traumatic brain injury on resource utilization. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 45(1), 101–104.

Complement inhibition prevents gut ischemia and endothelial cell dysfunction after hemorrhage/resuscitation
Fruchterman, T. M., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (1998). Complement inhibition prevents gut ischemia and endothelial cell dysfunction after hemorrhage/resuscitation. SURGERY, 124(4), 782–792.

Small intestinal production of nitric oxide is decreased following resuscitated hemorrhage
Fruchterman, T. M., Spain, D. A., Matheson, P. J., Martin, A. W., Wilson, M. A., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (1998). Small intestinal production of nitric oxide is decreased following resuscitated hemorrhage. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 80(1), 102–109.

Selective microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in the small intestine following resuscitated hemorrhagic shock
Fruchterman, T. M., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (1998). Selective microvascular endothelial cell dysfunction in the small intestine following resuscitated hemorrhagic shock. SHOCK, 10(6), 417–422.

Altered vasoconstrictor and dilator responses after a "two-hit" model of sequential hemorrhage and bacteremia
Price, S. A., Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., Harris, P. D., & Garrison, R. N. (1999). Altered vasoconstrictor and dilator responses after a "two-hit" model of sequential hemorrhage and bacteremia. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 81(1), 59–64.

Rates of overtriage & undertriage at a level 1 trauma center
Seiver, A., DiDomenico, P., Spain, D., Gregg, D., & Curet, M. (2002). Rates of overtriage & undertriage at a level 1 trauma center. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, 30(12), A58–A58.

Development and implementation of a clinical pathway for severe traumatic brain injury
Vitaz, T. W., McIlvoy, L., Raque, G. H., Spain, D., & Shields, C. B. (2001). Development and implementation of a clinical pathway for severe traumatic brain injury. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 51(2), 369–375.

Triage of elderly trauma patients: a population-based perspective.
Staudenmayer, K. L., Hsia, R. Y., Mann, N. C., Spain, D. A., & Newgard, C. D. (2013). Triage of elderly trauma patients: a population-based perspective. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 217(4), 569–76.

Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients
McClave, S. A., Lukan, J. K., Stefater, J. A., Lowen, C. C., Looney, S. W., Matheson, P. J., … Spain, D. A. (2005). Poor validity of residual volumes as a marker for risk of aspiration in critically ill patients. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, 33(2), 324–330.

Cost-effectiveness of preoperative imaging for appendicitis after indeterminate ultrasonography in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
Kastenberg, Z. J., Hurley, M. P., Luan, A., Vasu-Devan, V., Spain, D. A., Owens, D. K., & Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of preoperative imaging for appendicitis after indeterminate ultrasonography in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 122(4), 821–29.

Under-Utilization of Transfer for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (rAAA) in the Western United States
Mell, M. W., Callcut, R. A., Bech, F., Delgado, K., Staudenmayer, K., Spain, D. A., & Hernandez-Boussard, T. (2011). Under-Utilization of Transfer for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (rAAA) in the Western United States. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY, 54(2), 590–591.

Factors associated with the disposition of severely injured patients initially seen at non–trauma center emergency departments: disparities by insurance status.
Delgado, M. K., Yokell, M. A., Staudenmayer, K. L., Spain, D. A., Hernandez-Boussard, T., & Wang, N. E. (2014). Factors associated with the disposition of severely injured patients initially seen at non–trauma center emergency departments: disparities by insurance status. JAMA Surgery, 149(5), 422–430.

Variability in California triage from 2005 to 2009: A population-based longitudinal study of severely injured patients.
Staudenmayer, K., Lin, F., Mackersie, R., Spain, D., & Hsia, R. (2014). Variability in California triage from 2005 to 2009: A population-based longitudinal study of severely injured patients. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 76(4), 1041–47.

The epidemiology of trauma-related mortality in the United States from 2002 to 2010.
Sise, R. G., Calvo, R. Y., Spain, D. A., Weiser, T. G., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2014). The epidemiology of trauma-related mortality in the United States from 2002 to 2010. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 76(4), 913–20.

An Evaluation of Multidetector Computed Tomography in Detecting Pancreatic Injury: Results of a Multicenter AAST Study
Phelan, H. A., Velmahos, G. C., Jurkovich, G. J., Friese, R. S., Minei, J. P., Menaker, J. A., … Cothren, C. C. (2009). An Evaluation of Multidetector Computed Tomography in Detecting Pancreatic Injury: Results of a Multicenter AAST Study. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 66(3), 641–646.

Factors Associated With the Disposition of Severely Injured Patients Initially Seen at Non-Trauma Center Emergency Departments Disparities by Insurance Status
Delgado, M. K., Yokell, M. A., Staudenmayer, K. L., Spain, D. A., Hernandez-Boussard, T., & Wang, N. E. (2014). Factors Associated With the Disposition of Severely Injured Patients Initially Seen at Non-Trauma Center Emergency Departments Disparities by Insurance Status. JAMA SURGERY, 149(5), 422–30.

Cost-effectiveness of helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for trauma scene transport in the United States.
Delgado, M. K., Staudenmayer, K. L., Wang, N. E., Spain, D. A., Weir, S., Owens, D. K., & Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for trauma scene transport in the United States. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 62(4), 351–64 e19.

Variations in Pediatric Trauma Transfer Patterns in Northern California Pediatric Trauma Centers (2001-2009)
Vogel, L. D., Vongsachang, H., Pirrotta, E., Holmes, J. M., Sherck, J., Newton, C., … Wang, N. E. (2014). Variations in Pediatric Trauma Transfer Patterns in Northern California Pediatric Trauma Centers (2001-2009). ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, 21(9), 1023–30.

Environmental Sampling for Clostridium difficile on Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Dispensers in an Academic Medical Center
Forrester, J. D., Banaei, N., Buchner, P., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2014). Environmental Sampling for Clostridium difficile on Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Dispensers in an Academic Medical Center. SURGICAL INFECTIONS, 15(5), 581–84.

Ground-level Falls Are a Marker of Poor Outcome in the Injured Elderly
Gerry, J. M., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2014). Ground-level Falls Are a Marker of Poor Outcome in the Injured Elderly. AMERICAN SURGEON, 80(11), 1171–73.

Adding insult to injury: discontinuous insurance following spine trauma.
Kastenberg, Z. J., Hurley, M. P., Weiser, T. G., Cole, T. S., Staudenmayer, K. L., Spain, D. A., & Ratliff, J. K. (2015). Adding insult to injury: discontinuous insurance following spine trauma. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume, 97(2), 141–46.

Nitric oxide: A compensatory mediator of bacteremia-induced visceral microvascular hypoperfusion
Spain, D. A., Wilson, M. A., THEUER, H. H., & Garrison, R. N. (1996). Nitric oxide: A compensatory mediator of bacteremia-induced visceral microvascular hypoperfusion. Presented at the 3rd International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis - Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches, MUNICH,GERMANY: PABST SCIENCE PUBLISHERS.

Acute care surgery: Trauma, critical care, and emergency surgery
Jurkovich, G. J., Angood, P. B., Britt, L. D., Cioffi, W. G., Cryer, H. G., Esposito, T. J., … Trunkey, D. D. (2005). Acute care surgery: Trauma, critical care, and emergency surgery. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 58(3), 614–616.

Training and Certification in Surgical Critical Care: A Position Paper by the Surgical Critical Care Program Directors Society
Alam, H. B., Chipman, J. G., Luchette, F. A., Shapiro, M. J., Spain, D. A., & Cioffi, W. (2010). Training and Certification in Surgical Critical Care: A Position Paper by the Surgical Critical Care Program Directors Society. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA-INJURY INFECTION AND CRITICAL CARE, 69(2), 471–474.

Clostridium ramosum Bacteremia: Case Report and Literature Review
Forrester, J. D., & Spain, D. A. (2014). Clostridium ramosum Bacteremia: Case Report and Literature Review. SURGICAL INFECTIONS, 15(3), 343–46.

Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank.
Sweeney, T. E., Salles, A., Harris, O. A., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2015). Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank. World Journal of Emergency Surgery , 10, 23-?

Hepato-pancreatectomy: how morbid? Results from the national surgical quality improvement project.
Tran, T. B., Dua, M. M., Spain, D. A., Visser, B. C., Norton, J. A., & Poultsides, G. A. (2015). Hepato-pancreatectomy: how morbid? Results from the national surgical quality improvement project. HPB , 17(9), 763–69.

Hepato-pancreatectomy: how morbid? Results from the national surgical quality improvement project
Tran, T. B., Dua, M. M., Spain, D. A., Visser, B. C., Norton, J. A., & Poultsides, G. A. (2015). Hepato-pancreatectomy: how morbid? Results from the national surgical quality improvement project. HPB, 17(9), 763–69.

Variations in pediatric trauma transfer patterns in Northern California pediatric trauma centers (2001-2009).
Vogel, L. D., Vongsachang, H., Pirrotta, E., Holmes, J. F., Sherck, J., Newton, C., … Wang, N. E. (2014). Variations in pediatric trauma transfer patterns in Northern California pediatric trauma centers (2001-2009). Academic Emergency Medicine , 21(9), 1023–30.

Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank.
Sweeney, T. E., Salles, A., Harris, O. A., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2015). Prediction of neurosurgical intervention after mild traumatic brain injury using the national trauma data bank. World Journal of Emergency Surgery , 10, 23-?

Environmental sampling for Clostridium difficile on alcohol-based hand rub dispensers in an academic medical center.
Forrester, J. D., Banaei, N., Buchner, P., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2014). Environmental sampling for Clostridium difficile on alcohol-based hand rub dispensers in an academic medical center. Surgical Infections, 15(5), 581–84.

Small bowel obstruction: A practical step-by-step evidence-based approach to evaluation, decision making, and management.
Azagury, D., Liu, R. C., Morgan, A., & Spain, D. A. (2015). Small bowel obstruction: A practical step-by-step evidence-based approach to evaluation, decision making, and management. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 79(4), 661–68.

Sonographic Identification of Tube Thoracostomy Study (SITTS): Confirmation of Intrathoracic Placement.
Jenkins, J. A., Gharahbaghian, L., Doniger, S. J., Bradley, S., Crandall, S., Spain, D. A., & Williams, S. R. (2012). Sonographic Identification of Tube Thoracostomy Study (SITTS): Confirmation of Intrathoracic Placement. The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 13(4), 305–11.

Trauma center care is associated with reduced readmissions after injury.
Staudenmayer, K., Weiser, T. G., Maggio, P. M., Spain, D. A., & Hsia, R. Y. (2016). Trauma center care is associated with reduced readmissions after injury. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 80(3), 412–18.

Uninsured status may be more predictive of outcomes among the severely injured than minority race
Gerry, J. M., Weiser, T. G., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2016). Uninsured status may be more predictive of outcomes among the severely injured than minority race. INJURY-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE CARE OF THE INJURED, 47(1), 197–202.

Trends in the management of pelvic fractures, 2008-2010
Chu, C. H., Tennakoon, L., Maggio, P. M., Weiser, T. G., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2016). Trends in the management of pelvic fractures, 2008-2010. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 202(2), 335–40.

Development and Validation of a Brief Self-Report Measure of Trauma Exposure: The Trauma History Screen
Carlson, E. B., Smith, S. R., Palmieri, P. A., Dalenberg, C., Ruzek, J. I., Kimerling, R., … Spain, D. A. (2011). Development and Validation of a Brief Self-Report Measure of Trauma Exposure: The Trauma History Screen. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, 23(2), 463–77.

Advantages and psychometric validation of proximal intensive assessments of patient-reported outcomes collected in daily life
Carlson, E. B., Field, N. P., Ruzek, J. I., Bryant, R. A., Dalenberg, C. J., Keane, T. M., & Spain, D. A. (2016). Advantages and psychometric validation of proximal intensive assessments of patient-reported outcomes collected in daily life. QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH, 25(3), 507–16.

The Triage of Injured Patients: Mechanism of Injury, Regardless of Injury Severity, Determines Hospital Destination
Staudenmayer, K., Wang, N. E., Weiser, T. G., Maggio, P., Mackersie, R. C., Spain, D., & Hsia, R. Y. (2016). The Triage of Injured Patients: Mechanism of Injury, Regardless of Injury Severity, Determines Hospital Destination. AMERICAN SURGEON, 82(4), 356–61.

Trends in open vascular surgery for trauma: implications for the future of acute care surgery.
Forrester, J. D., Weiser, T. G., Maggio, P., Browder, T., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D., & Staudenmayer, K. (2016). Trends in open vascular surgery for trauma: implications for the future of acute care surgery. Journal of Surgical Research, 205(1), 208–12.

The significance of underlying cardiac comorbidity on major adverse cardiac events after major liver resection.
Tran, T. B., Worhunsky, D. J., Spain, D. A., Dua, M. M., Visser, B. C., Norton, J. A., & Poultsides, G. A. (2016). The significance of underlying cardiac comorbidity on major adverse cardiac events after major liver resection. HPB , 18(9), 742–47.

The impact of hypopituitarism on function and performance in subjects with recent history of traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Srinivasan, L., Roberts, B., Bushnik, T., Englander, J., Spain, D. A., Steinberg, G. K., … Katznelson, L. (2009). The impact of hypopituitarism on function and performance in subjects with recent history of traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. BRAIN INJURY, 23(7-8), 639–48.

Adding Insult to Injury: Discontinuous Insurance Following Spine Trauma
Kastenberg, Z. J., Hurley, M. P., Weiser, T. G., Cole, T. S., Staudenmayer, K. L., Spain, D. A., & Ratliff, J. K. (2015). Adding Insult to Injury: Discontinuous Insurance Following Spine Trauma. JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY-AMERICAN VOLUME, 97A(2), 141–46.

The continuing challenge of intra-abdominal infection
Cheadle, W. G., & Spain, D. A. (2003). The continuing challenge of intra-abdominal infection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY, 186(6A), 15S–22S.

Vasomotor response to pentoxifylline mediates improved renal blood flow in bacteremia
Krysztopik, R. J., Bentley, F. R., Spain, D. A., & Garrison, R. N. (1996). Vasomotor response to pentoxifylline mediates improved renal blood flow in bacteremia. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 63(1), 17–22.

International rotations: A valuable source to supplement operative experience for acute care surgery, trauma and surgical critical care fellows.
Ferrada, P., Ivatury, R. R., Spain, D. A., Davis, K. A., Aboutanos, M., Fildes, J. J., & Scalea, T. M. (2016). International rotations: A valuable source to supplement operative experience for acute care surgery, trauma and surgical critical care fellows. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, -?

The American College of Surgeons (ACS) Needs-Based Assessment of Trauma Systems (NBATS): Estimates for the State of California.
Uribe-Leitz, T., Esquivel, M. M., Knowlton, L. M., Ciesla, D., Lin, F., Hsia, R. Y., … Staudenmayer, K. L. (2017). The American College of Surgeons (ACS) Needs-Based Assessment of Trauma Systems (NBATS): Estimates for the State of California. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Use of Unsolicited Patient Observations to Identify Surgeons With Increased Risk for Postoperative Complications.
Cooper, W. O., Guillamondegui, O., Hines, O. J., Hultman, C. S., Kelz, R. R., Shen, P., … Hickson, G. B. (2017). Use of Unsolicited Patient Observations to Identify Surgeons With Increased Risk for Postoperative Complications. JAMA Surgery.

Population-based estimate of trauma-related deaths for law enforcement personnel: Risks for death are higher and increasing over time.
Eastman, A. L., Cripps, M. W., AbdelFattah, K. R., Inaba, K., Weiser, T. G., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2017). Population-based estimate of trauma-related deaths for law enforcement personnel: Risks for death are higher and increasing over time. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Costs and Financial Burden of Initial Hospitalizations for Firearm Injuries in the United States, 2006-2014.
Spitzer, S. A., Staudenmayer, K. L., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2017). Costs and Financial Burden of Initial Hospitalizations for Firearm Injuries in the United States, 2006-2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 770–74.

The trauma ecosystem: The impact and economics of new trauma centers on a mature statewide trauma system.
Ciesla, D. J., Pracht, E. E., Leitz, P. T., Spain, D. A., Staudenmayer, K. L., & Tepas, J. J. (2017). The trauma ecosystem: The impact and economics of new trauma centers on a mature statewide trauma system. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 82(6), 1014–22.

Care and caring in the intensive care unit: Family members' distress and perceptions about staff skills, communication, and emotional support
Carlson, E. B., Spain, D. A., Muhtadie, L., McDade-Montez, L., & Macia, K. S. (2015). Care and caring in the intensive care unit: Family members' distress and perceptions about staff skills, communication, and emotional support. JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE, 30(3), 557–61.

National Readmission Patterns of Isolated Splenic Injuries Based on Initial Management Strategy.
Rosenberg, G. M., Knowlton, L., Rajasingh, C., Weng, Y., Maggio, P. M., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2017). National Readmission Patterns of Isolated Splenic Injuries Based on Initial Management Strategy. JAMA Surgery, 152(12), 1119–25.

Surgical deserts in California: an analysis of access to surgical care
Uribe-Leitz, T., Esquivel, M. M., Garland, N. Y., Staudenmayer, K. L., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2018). Surgical deserts in California: an analysis of access to surgical care. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 223, 102–8.

Rapid Retriage of Critically Injured Trauma Patients
Della Valle, J. M., Newton, C., Kline, R. A., Spain, D. A., Pirrotta, E., & Wang, N. E. (2017). Rapid Retriage of Critically Injured Trauma Patients. JAMA SURGERY, 152(10), 981–83.

Nontraumatic Clostridium septicum Myonecrosis in Adults Case Report and a 15-Year Systematic Literature Review
Forrester, J. D., Shkolyar, E., Gregg, D., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2016). Nontraumatic Clostridium septicum Myonecrosis in Adults Case Report and a 15-Year Systematic Literature Review. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, 24(6), 318–23.

Letter to the Editor.
Spitzer, S. A., Vail, D., Rajasingh, C. M., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2017). Letter to the Editor. Annals of Surgery.

Financial Stability of Level I Trauma Centers Within Safety-Net Hospitals.
Knowlton, L. M., Morris, A. M., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2018). Financial Stability of Level I Trauma Centers Within Safety-Net Hospitals. Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

Trauma advanced practice provider programme development in an academic setting to optimize care coordination.
Woodfall, M. C., Browder, T. D., Alfaro, J. M., Claudius, M. A., Chan, G. K., Robinson, D. G., & Spain, D. A. (2017). Trauma advanced practice provider programme development in an academic setting to optimize care coordination. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 2(1), e000068.

Contributions of risk and protective factors to prediction of psychological symptoms after traumatic experiences
Carlson, E. B., Palmieri, P. A., Field, N. P., Dalenberg, C. J., Macia, K. S., & Spain, D. A. (2016). Contributions of risk and protective factors to prediction of psychological symptoms after traumatic experiences. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHIATRY, 69, 106–15.

The Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on Postoperative Outcomes after Major Hepatectomy: Results from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Tran, T. B., Dua, M. M., Spain, D. A., Poultsides, G. A., Norton, J. A., & Visser, B. C. (2015). The Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on Postoperative Outcomes after Major Hepatectomy: Results from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 221(4), S94–S95.

A geospatial evaluation of timely access to surgical care in seven countries
Knowlton, L. M., Banguti, P., Chackungal, S., Chanthasiri, T., Chao, T. E., Dahn, B., … Weiser, T. G. (2017). A geospatial evaluation of timely access to surgical care in seven countries. BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 95(6), 437–44.

Development and preliminary performance of a risk factor screen to predict posttraumatic psychological disorder after trauma exposure
Carlson, E. B., Palmieri, P. A., & Spain, D. A. (2017). Development and preliminary performance of a risk factor screen to predict posttraumatic psychological disorder after trauma exposure. GENERAL HOSPITAL PSYCHIATRY, 46, 25–31.

The prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and associated mortality in hospitalized US trauma patients
Townsend, L. L., Esquivel, M. M., Uribe-Leitz, T., Weiser, T. G., Maggio, P. M., Spain, D. A., … Staudenmayer, K. (2017). The prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses and associated mortality in hospitalized US trauma patients. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 213, 171–76.

A Multinational Evaluation of Timely Access to Basic Surgical Services Using Geospatial Analyses
Knowlton, L.-M., Esquivel, M., Uribe-Leitz, T., Mcqueen, K., Chackungal, S., LeBrun, D. G., … Spain, D. A. (2016). A Multinational Evaluation of Timely Access to Basic Surgical Services Using Geospatial Analyses. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 223(4), E118.

Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients
Coccolini, F., Montori, G., Catena, F., Kluger, Y., Biffl, W., Moore, E. E., … Ansaloni, L. (2017). Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients. WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY SURGERY, 12, 40.

Real-Time Clinical Decision Support Decreases Inappropriate Plasma Transfusion
Shah, N., Baker, S. A., Spain, D., Shieh, L., Shepard, J., Hadhazy, E., … Goodnough, L. T. (2017). Real-Time Clinical Decision Support Decreases Inappropriate Plasma Transfusion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY, 148(2), 154–60.

Clinical phenotypes of US level I trauma centers: use of clustering methodology
Forrester, J. D., Weiser, T. G., Maggio, P., Browder, T., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. (2017). Clinical phenotypes of US level I trauma centers: use of clustering methodology. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 215, 146–52.

Trauma-induced insurance instability: Variation in insurance coverage for patients who experience readmission after injury.
Rajasingh, C. M., Weiser, T. G., Knowlton, L. M., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2018). Trauma-induced insurance instability: Variation in insurance coverage for patients who experience readmission after injury. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 84(6), 876–84.

The association between angioembolization and splenic salvage for isolated splenic injuries.
Rosenberg, G. M., Weiser, T. G., Maggio, P. M., Browder, T. D., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2018). The association between angioembolization and splenic salvage for isolated splenic injuries. The Journal of Surgical Research, 229, 150–55.

Patient-reported outcomes in trauma: a scoping study of published research.
Rosenberg, G. M., Stave, C., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2018). Patient-reported outcomes in trauma: a scoping study of published research. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 3(1), e000202.

An Update on the Management of Adult Traumatic Nerve Injuries-Replacing Old Paradigms: A Review.
Smith, B. W., Sakamuri, S., Spain, D. A., Joseph, J. R., Yang, L. J.-S., & Wilson, T. J. (2018). An Update on the Management of Adult Traumatic Nerve Injuries-Replacing Old Paradigms: A Review. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Operative vs Nonoperative Management of Appendicitis: A Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Sceats, L. A., Coughran, A., Barnes, B., Grimm, E. L., Muffly, M., Spain, D. A., … Fiebert, J. D. G. (2018). Operative vs Nonoperative Management of Appendicitis: A Long-Term Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 227(4), S157–S158.

INTER-HOSPITAL VARIABILITY IN TIME TO DISCHARGE TO REHABILITATION AMONG INSURED TRAUMA PATIENTS.
Knowlton, L. M., Harris, A. H., Tennakoon, L., Hawn, M. T., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2018). INTER-HOSPITAL VARIABILITY IN TIME TO DISCHARGE TO REHABILITATION AMONG INSURED TRAUMA PATIENTS. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Implementing a Standardized Nurse-driven Rounding Protocol in a Trauma-surgical Intensive Care Unit: A Single Institution Experience.
Marshall, C. D., Fay, M. E., Phillips, B., Faurote, R., Kustudia, J., Ransom, R. C., … Weiser, T. G. (2018). Implementing a Standardized Nurse-driven Rounding Protocol in a Trauma-surgical Intensive Care Unit: A Single Institution Experience. Cureus, 10(10), e3422.

Letter to the Editor
Spitzer, S. A., Vail, D., Rajasingh, C. M., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2018). Letter to the Editor. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 268(6), E77–E78.

The Economic Footprint of Acute Care Surgery in the United States: Implications for Systems Development.
Knowlton, L. M., Minei, J., Tennakoon, L., Davis, K. A., Doucet, J., Bernard, A., … Staudenmayer, K. L. (2018). The Economic Footprint of Acute Care Surgery in the United States: Implications for Systems Development. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

The Future of Emergency General Surgery.
Havens, J. M., Neiman, P. U., Campbell, B. L., Croce, M. A., Spain, D. A., & Napolitano, L. M. (2018). The Future of Emergency General Surgery. Annals of Surgery.

Readmission risk and costs of firearm injuries in the United States, 2010-2015.
Spitzer, S. A., Vail, D., Tennakoon, L., Rajasingh, C., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2019). Readmission risk and costs of firearm injuries in the United States, 2010-2015. PloS One, 14(1), e0209896.

Effects of mechanism of injury and patient age on outcomes in geriatric rib fracture patients.
Shi, H. H., Esquivel, M., Staudenmayer, K. L., & Spain, D. A. (2017). Effects of mechanism of injury and patient age on outcomes in geriatric rib fracture patients. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 2(1), e000074.

BASE Jumping Injuries Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States: an Assessment of Morbidity, Emergency Department, and Inpatient Costs.
Forrester, J. D., Yelorda, K., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. (2019). BASE Jumping Injuries Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States: an Assessment of Morbidity, Emergency Department, and Inpatient Costs. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine.

Erratum to: Advantages and psychometric validation of proximal intensive assessments of patient-reported outcomes collected in daily life.
Carlson, E. B., Field, N. P., Ruzek, J. I., Bryant, R. A., Dalenberg, C. J., Keane, T. M., & Spain, D. A. (2016). Erratum to: Advantages and psychometric validation of proximal intensive assessments of patient-reported outcomes collected in daily life. Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 25(9), 2399.

Uninsured status may be more predictive of outcomes among the severely injured than minority race.
Gerry, J. M., Weiser, T. G., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2016). Uninsured status may be more predictive of outcomes among the severely injured than minority race. Injury, 47(1), 197–202.

Implementation Challenges Using a Novel Method for Collecting Patient-Reported Outcomes After Injury.
Rosenberg, G. M., Shearer, E. J., Zion, S. R., Mackey, S. C., Morris, A. M., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2019). Implementation Challenges Using a Novel Method for Collecting Patient-Reported Outcomes After Injury. The Journal of Surgical Research, 241, 277–84.

The economic footprint of acute care surgery in the United States: Implications for systems development
Knowlton, L. M., Minei, J., Tennakoon, L., Davis, K. A., Doucet, J., Bernard, A., … Staudenmayer, K. L. (2019). The economic footprint of acute care surgery in the United States: Implications for systems development. JOURNAL OF TRAUMA AND ACUTE CARE SURGERY, 86(4), 609–16.

Rib Fractures.
Baiu, I., & Spain, D. (2019). Rib Fractures. JAMA, 321(18), 1836.

Smoking Cessation in Elective Surgery
Trang, K., & Spain, D. A. (2019). Smoking Cessation in Elective Surgery. AMERICAN SURGEON, 85(4), E193–E194.

Enteral Nutrition.
Baiu, I., & Spain, D. A. (2019). Enteral Nutrition. JAMA, 321(20), 2040.

Parenteral Nutrition.
Baiu, I., & Spain, D. A. (2019). Parenteral Nutrition. JAMA, 321(21), 2142.

Association of Coworker Reports About Unprofessional Behavior by Surgeons With Surgical Complications in Their Patients.
Cooper, W. O., Spain, D. A., Guillamondegui, O., Kelz, R. R., Domenico, H. J., Hopkins, J., … Hickson, G. B. (2019). Association of Coworker Reports About Unprofessional Behavior by Surgeons With Surgical Complications in Their Patients. JAMA Surgery.

Implementation Challenges Using a Novel Method for Collecting Patient-Reported Outcomes After Injury
Rosenberg, G. M., Shearer, E. J., Zion, S. R., Mackey, S. C., Morris, A. M., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2019). Implementation Challenges Using a Novel Method for Collecting Patient-Reported Outcomes After Injury. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH, 241, 277–84.

BASE Jumping Injuries Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States: an Assessment of Morbidity, Emergency Department, and Inpatient Costs
Forrester, J. D., Yelorda, K., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. (2019). BASE Jumping Injuries Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States: an Assessment of Morbidity, Emergency Department, and Inpatient Costs. WILDERNESS & ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, 30(2), 150–54.

LAPRA-TY for laparoscopic repair of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia without intracorporeal knot tying.
Choi, J., Pan, J., Forrester, J. D., Spain, D., & Browder, T. D. (2019). LAPRA-TY for laparoscopic repair of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia without intracorporeal knot tying. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1), e000334.

Rhinovirus-associated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) managed with airway pressure release ventilation (APRV).
Ayala, C., Baiu, I., Owyang, C., Forrester, J. D., & Spain, D. (2019). Rhinovirus-associated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) managed with airway pressure release ventilation (APRV). Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1), e000322.

Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Appendicitis: A Long-Term Cost Effectiveness Analysis.
Sceats, L. A., Ku, S., Coughran, A., Barnes, B., Grimm, E., Muffly, M., … Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. (2019). Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Appendicitis: A Long-Term Cost Effectiveness Analysis. MDM Policy & Practice, 4(2), 2381468319866448.

The Future of Emergency General Surgery
Havens, J. M., Neiman, P. U., Campbell, B. L., Croce, M. A., Spain, D. A., & Napolitano, L. M. (2019). The Future of Emergency General Surgery. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 270(2), 221–22.

Caring for Caregivers - Resident Physician Health and Wellbeing.
Baiu, I., Titan, A., Kin, C., & Spain, D. A. (2019). Caring for Caregivers - Resident Physician Health and Wellbeing. Journal of Surgical Education.

THE IMPACT OF MEDICAID EXPANSION ON TRAUMA-RELATED EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT UTILIZATION: A NATIONAL EVALUATION OF POLICY IMPLICATIONS.
Knowlton, L. M., Dehghan, M. S., Arnow, K., Trickey, A. W., Tennakoon, L., Morris, A. M., & Spain, D. A. (2019). THE IMPACT OF MEDICAID EXPANSION ON TRAUMA-RELATED EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT UTILIZATION: A NATIONAL EVALUATION OF POLICY IMPLICATIONS. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Patient, hospital and regional characteristics associated with undertriage of injured children in California (2005-2015): a retrospective cohort study.
Wang, N. E., Newton, C. R., Spain, D. A., Pirrotta, E., & Thomas-Uribe, M. (2019). Patient, hospital and regional characteristics associated with undertriage of injured children in California (2005-2015): a retrospective cohort study. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1), e000317.

Long-Term Outcomes after Nonoperative Management of Perforated Appendicitis: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Sceats, L. A., Kin, C. J., & Spain, D. A. (2019). Long-Term Outcomes after Nonoperative Management of Perforated Appendicitis: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 229(4), S157.

Developing an Inpatient Relationship-Centered Communication Curriculum for Surgical Teams: Pilot Study
Nassar, A., Weimer-Elder, B., Kline, M., Minthorn, C., Staudenmayer, K. L., Yang, R., … Johnson, T. (2019). Developing an Inpatient Relationship-Centered Communication Curriculum for Surgical Teams: Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 229(4), E48.

Health Care Utilization and Mortality after Emergency General Surgery in Patients with Underlying Liver Disease: A National Perspective
Tennakoon, L., Concepcion, W., Melcher, M. L., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2019). Health Care Utilization and Mortality after Emergency General Surgery in Patients with Underlying Liver Disease: A National Perspective. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 229(4), E139.

Mortality after Emergency General Surgery among Patients with Hematologic Malignancy: A National Assessment
Forrester, J. D., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2019). Mortality after Emergency General Surgery among Patients with Hematologic Malignancy: A National Assessment. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 229(4), S103–S104.

Injury Due to Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: A Nationwide Evaluation of Emergency Department Visits
Tennakoon, L., Knowlton, L. M., & Spain, D. A. (2019). Injury Due to Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: A Nationwide Evaluation of Emergency Department Visits. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 229(4), E61.

Altered Mental Status and Hypercalcemia with a Splenic Mass.
Khan, S., Choi, J., Patel, S. A., & Spain, D. A. (2019). Altered Mental Status and Hypercalcemia with a Splenic Mass. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Atraumatic acute forearm compartment syndrome due to systemic heparin.
Chavez, G., Choi, J., Fogel, N., Jaramillo, J. D., Murphy, M., & Spain, D. (2019). Atraumatic acute forearm compartment syndrome due to systemic heparin. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1), e000399.

The "T's" of snakebite injury in the USA: fact or fiction?
Jaramillo, J. D., Hakes, N. A., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D., & Forrester, J. D. (2019). The "T's" of snakebite injury in the USA: fact or fiction? Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 4(1), e000374.

Coagulopathy Is Associated With Increased Mortality and Transfusion Requirements in a Pediatric Trauma Database
Murphy, C. H., Spain, D. A., & Shan, H. (2019). Coagulopathy Is Associated With Increased Mortality and Transfusion Requirements in a Pediatric Trauma Database. TRANSFUSION, 59, 203A–204A.

Review of Facial Trauma Management.
Choi, J., Lorenz, H. P., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Review of Facial Trauma Management. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Coagulopathy and Transfusion Ratios in Pediatric Trauma.
Murphy, C., Spain, D. A., & Shan, H. (2020). Coagulopathy and Transfusion Ratios in Pediatric Trauma. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Regionalization Patterns for Children with Serious Trauma in California (2005-2015): A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Wang, N. E., Ewbank, C., Newton, C. R., Spain, D. A., Pirrotta, E., & Thomas-Uribe, M. (2020). Regionalization Patterns for Children with Serious Trauma in California (2005-2015): A Retrospective Cohort Study. Prehospital Emergency Care : Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 1–22.

Association of the US Affordable Care Act With Out-of-Pocket Spending and Catastrophic Health Expenditures Among Adult Patients With Traumatic Injury.
Liu, C., Tsugawa, Y., Weiser, T. G., Scott, J. W., Spain, D. A., & Maggard-Gibbons, M. (2020). Association of the US Affordable Care Act With Out-of-Pocket Spending and Catastrophic Health Expenditures Among Adult Patients With Traumatic Injury. JAMA Network Open, 3(2), e200157.

The Operative management in Bariatric Acute abdomen (OBA) Survey: long-term complications of bariatric surgery and the emergency surgeon's point of view
De Simone, B., Ansaloni, L., Sartelli, M., Kluger, Y., Abu-Zidan, F. M., Biffl, W. L., … Diana, M. (2020). The Operative management in Bariatric Acute abdomen (OBA) Survey: long-term complications of bariatric surgery and the emergency surgeon's point of view. WORLD JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY SURGERY, 15(1).

What constitutes a 'successful' recovery? Patient perceptions of the recovery process after a traumatic injury.
Rosenberg, G., Zion, S. R., Shearer, E., Bereknyei Merrell, S., Abadilla, N., Spain, D. A., … Weiser, T. G. (2020). What constitutes a 'successful' recovery? Patient perceptions of the recovery process after a traumatic injury. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 5(1), e000427.

Mapping the increasing interest in acute care surgery-Who, why and which fellowship?
Gayed, B. N., Zarzaur, B. L., Livingston, D. H., Chiu, W. C., Davis, K. A., Tisherman, S. A., … Spain, D. A. (2020). Mapping the increasing interest in acute care surgery-Who, why and which fellowship? The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 88(5), 629–35.

Performing tracheostomy during the Covid-19 pandemic: guidance and recommendations from the Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery Committees of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
Michetti, C. P., Burlew, C. C., Bulger, E. M., Davis, K. A., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Performing tracheostomy during the Covid-19 pandemic: guidance and recommendations from the Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery Committees of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 5(1), e000482.

Tube thoracostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance and recommendations from the AAST Acute Care Surgery and Critical Care Committees.
Pieracci, F. M., Burlew, C. C., Spain, D., Livingston, D. H., Bulger, E. M., Davis, K. A., & Michetti, C. (2020). Tube thoracostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance and recommendations from the AAST Acute Care Surgery and Critical Care Committees. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 5(1), e000498.

Impact of shelter-in-place order for COVID-19 on trauma activations: Santa Clara County, California, March 2020.
Forrester, J. D., Liou, R., Knowlton, L. M., Jou, R. M., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Impact of shelter-in-place order for COVID-19 on trauma activations: Santa Clara County, California, March 2020. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 5(1), e000505.

Implications of COVID-19 on the General Surgery Match.
Sell, N. M., Qadan, M., Delman, K. A., Roggin, K. K., Spain, D. A., Phitayakorn, R., … Mullen, J. T. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 on the General Surgery Match. Annals of Surgery.

Evidenced-Based Practice Among Trainees: A Survey on Facial Trauma Wound Management.
Choi, J., Traboulsi, A. A.-R., Okland, T. S., Sadauskas, V., Perrault, D., Spain, D. A., … Weiser, T. G. (2020). Evidenced-Based Practice Among Trainees: A Survey on Facial Trauma Wound Management. Journal of Surgical Education.

Necessity of routine chest radiograph in blunt trauma resuscitation: time to evaluate dogma with evidence.
Choi, J., Forrester, J. D., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Necessity of routine chest radiograph in blunt trauma resuscitation: time to evaluate dogma with evidence. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Traumatic Injuries Due to Interpersonal and Domestic Violence in the United States.
Tennakoon, L., Hakes, N. A., Knowlton, L. M., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Traumatic Injuries Due to Interpersonal and Domestic Violence in the United States. The Journal of Surgical Research, 254, 206–16.

Small Bowel Obstruction: the Sun Also Rises?
Zamary, K., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Small Bowel Obstruction: the Sun Also Rises? Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery : Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract.

Safety of Foregoing Operation for Small Bowel Obstruction in the Virgin Abdomen: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Choi, J., Fisher, A. T., Mulaney, B., Anand, A., Carlos, G., Stave, C. D., … Weiser, T. G. (2020). Safety of Foregoing Operation for Small Bowel Obstruction in the Virgin Abdomen: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

Pain Scores in Geriatric vs Nongeriatric Patients With Rib Fractures.
Choi, J., Khan, S., Zamary, K., Tennakoon, L., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Pain Scores in Geriatric vs Nongeriatric Patients With Rib Fractures. JAMA Surgery.

The Research Agenda for Stop the Bleed: Beyond Focused Empiricism in Prehospital Hemorrhage Control.
Lu, S. W., & Spain, D. A. (2020). The Research Agenda for Stop the Bleed: Beyond Focused Empiricism in Prehospital Hemorrhage Control. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), e209465.

Placement of Surgical Feeding Tubes Among Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Requiring Exploratory Abdominal Surgery : Better Early Than Late.
Cha, P. I., Jou, R. M., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2020). Placement of Surgical Feeding Tubes Among Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Requiring Exploratory Abdominal Surgery : Better Early Than Late. The American Surgeon, 86(6), 635–42.

Understanding Health Care Utilization and Mortality After Emergency General Surgery in Patients With Underlying Liver Disease.
Tennakoon, L., Baiu, I., Concepcion, W., Melcher, M. L., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2020). Understanding Health Care Utilization and Mortality After Emergency General Surgery in Patients With Underlying Liver Disease. The American Surgeon, 86(6), 665–74.

Implications of COVID-19 on the General Surgery Match.
Sell, N. M., Qadan, M., Delman, K. A., Roggin, K. K., Spain, D. A., Phitayakorn, R., … Mullen, J. T. (2020). Implications of COVID-19 on the General Surgery Match. Annals of Surgery, 272(2), e155–e156.

Mobile application-based guidelines to enhance patient care and provider education in trauma and acute care surgery.
Hakes, N. A., Kethman, W. C., Spain, D., & Nassar, A. K. (2020). Mobile application-based guidelines to enhance patient care and provider education in trauma and acute care surgery. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 5(1), e000479.

The impact of trauma systems on patient outcomes
Choi, J., Carlos, G., Nassar, A. K., Knowlton, L. M., & Spain, D. A. (2020). The impact of trauma systems on patient outcomes. Current Problems in Surgery.

Mortality After General Surgery Among Hospitalized Patients With Hematologic Malignancy
Forrester, J. D., Syed, M., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2020). Mortality After General Surgery Among Hospitalized Patients With Hematologic Malignancy. Journal of Surgical Research, 256.

Hospital Readmission After Climbing-Related Injury in the United States.
Forrester, J. D., Hunter, K. A., Tennakoon, L., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Hospital Readmission After Climbing-Related Injury in the United States. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine.

Lessons from Epidemics, Pandemics, and Surgery.
Hakes, N. A., Choi, J., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2020). Lessons from Epidemics, Pandemics, and Surgery. Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

Pulmonary contusions in patients with rib fractures: The need to better classify a common injury.
Choi, J., Tennakoon, L., You, J. G., Kaghazchi, A., Forrester, J. D., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Pulmonary contusions in patients with rib fractures: The need to better classify a common injury. American Journal of Surgery.

Using a virtual platform for personal protective equipment education and training.
Nassar, A. K., Lin, D. T., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2020). Using a virtual platform for personal protective equipment education and training. Medical Education.

Prospective Study of Short-Term Quality-of-Life After Traumatic Rib Fractures.
Choi, J., Khan, S., Hakes, N. A., Carlos, G., Seltzer, R., Jaramillo, J. D., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Prospective Study of Short-Term Quality-of-Life After Traumatic Rib Fractures. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Better characterization of operation for ulcerative colitis through the National surgical quality improvement program: A 2-year audit of NSQIP-IBD.
Luo, W. Y., Holubar, S. D., Bordeianou, L., Cosman, B. C., Hyke, R., Lee, E. C., … Eisenstein, S. (2020). Better characterization of operation for ulcerative colitis through the National surgical quality improvement program: A 2-year audit of NSQIP-IBD. American Journal of Surgery.

Splenectomy for benign and malignant hematologic pathology: Modern morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcomes.
Alobuia, W. M., Perrone, K., Iberri, D. J., Brar, R. S., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2020). Splenectomy for benign and malignant hematologic pathology: Modern morbidity, mortality, and long-term outcomes. Surgery Open Science, 2(4), 19–24.

Creation and implementation of a novel clinical workflow based on the AAST uniform anatomic severity grading system for emergency general surgery conditions.
Bessoff, K. E., Choi, J., Bereknyei Merrell, S., Nassar, A. K., Spain, D., & Knowlton, L. M. (2020). Creation and implementation of a novel clinical workflow based on the AAST uniform anatomic severity grading system for emergency general surgery conditions. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 5(1), e000552.

Intravenous lidocaine as a non-opioid adjunct analgesic for traumatic rib fractures.
Choi, J., Zamary, K., Barreto, N. B., Tennakoon, L., Davis, K. M., Trickey, A. W., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Intravenous lidocaine as a non-opioid adjunct analgesic for traumatic rib fractures. PloS One, 15(9), e0239896.

Recurrent Small Bowel Obstruction with Intraluminal Structures.
Sun, B. J., Kopecky, K. E., Garcia, P., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Recurrent Small Bowel Obstruction with Intraluminal Structures. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Hospital Readmission After Climbing-Related Injury in the United States
Forrester, J. D., Hunter, K. A., Tennakoon, L., & Spain, D. A. (2020). Hospital Readmission After Climbing-Related Injury in the United States. WILDERNESS & ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, 31(3), 298–302.

The Opioid Epidemic Among Patients with Traumatic Injury: A Nationwide Emergency Department Evaluation
Tennakoon, L., Hakes, N., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2020). The Opioid Epidemic Among Patients with Traumatic Injury: A Nationwide Emergency Department Evaluation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 231(4), E253.

Incidence and Management of Arterial Vascular Trauma in the US
Kashikar, A., Choi, J., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Arya, S. (2020). Incidence and Management of Arterial Vascular Trauma in the US. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 231(4), E263–E264.

Common, Severe, and Preventable: Agricultural Machinery Trauma in the US
Hakes, N. A., Jaramillo, J. D., Choi, J., Spain, D. A., Tennakoon, L., & Forrester, J. D. (2020). Common, Severe, and Preventable: Agricultural Machinery Trauma in the US. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, 231(4), E231.

Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fracture to Mitigate Pulmonary Complication and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis.
Choi, J., Gomez, G. I., Kaghazchi, A., Borghi, J. A., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2020). Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fracture to Mitigate Pulmonary Complication and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

Prospectively Assigned AAST Grade versus Modified Hinchey Class and Acute Diverticulitis Outcomes.
Choi, J., Bessoff, K., Bromley-Dulfano, R., Li, Z., Gupta, A., Taylor, K., … Knowlton, L. M. (2020). Prospectively Assigned AAST Grade versus Modified Hinchey Class and Acute Diverticulitis Outcomes. The Journal of Surgical Research.

A multi-institutional study assessing general surgery faculty teaching evaluations brief title: General surgery faculty teaching evaluations.
Shellito, A. D., de Virgilio, C., Kaji, A. H., Harrington, D. W., Robertson, J. M., Zern, N. K., … Calhoun, K. E. (2020). A multi-institutional study assessing general surgery faculty teaching evaluations brief title: General surgery faculty teaching evaluations. American Journal of Surgery.

The impact of trauma systems on patient outcomes.
Choi, J., Carlos, G., Nassar, A. K., Knowlton, L. M., & Spain, D. A. (2021). The impact of trauma systems on patient outcomes. Current Problems in Surgery, 58(1), 100840.

Outcomes after Surgery among Patients Diagnosed with One or More Multi-Drug-Resistant Organisms.
Gupta, A., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2021). Outcomes after Surgery among Patients Diagnosed with One or More Multi-Drug-Resistant Organisms. Surgical Infections.

Modified percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19
Sun, B. J., Wolff, C. J., Bechtold, H. M., Free, D., Lorenzo, J., Minot, P. R., … Forrester, J. D. (2020). Modified percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open, 5(1).

A Review of "Will Future Surgeons Be Interested in Trauma Care? Results of a Resident Survey" (1992).
Spain, D. A. (2021). A Review of "Will Future Surgeons Be Interested in Trauma Care? Results of a Resident Survey" (1992). The American Surgeon, 3134820988821.

Concomitant Sternal Fractures: Harbinger of Worse Pulmonary Complications and Mortality in Patients With Rib Fractures.
Choi, J., Mulaney, B., Sun, B., Trimble, R., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2021). Concomitant Sternal Fractures: Harbinger of Worse Pulmonary Complications and Mortality in Patients With Rib Fractures. The American Surgeon, 3134821991978.

Nationwide Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures by Flail Chest Status and Age Groups
Choi, J., Mulaney, B., Laohavinij, W., Trimble, R., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., … Forrester, J. D. (2021). Nationwide Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures by Flail Chest Status and Age Groups. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Heterogeneity in managing rib fractures across non-trauma and level I, II, and III trauma centers.
Choi, J., Kaghazchi, A., Dickerson, K. L., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2021). Heterogeneity in managing rib fractures across non-trauma and level I, II, and III trauma centers. American Journal of Surgery.

Situating Artificial Intelligence in Surgery A Focus on Disease Severity
Korndorffer, J. R., Hawn, M. T., Spain, D. A., Knowlton, L. M., Azagury, D. E., Nassar, A. K., … Pugh, C. M. (2020). Situating Artificial Intelligence in Surgery A Focus on Disease Severity. ANNALS OF SURGERY, 272(3), 523–28.

Management of splenic platelet sequestration in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Sceats, L. A., Lipman, K., & Spain, D. (2021). Management of splenic platelet sequestration in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 6(1), e000693.

Situating Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: A Focus on Disease Severity.
Korndorffer, J. R., Hawn, M. T., Spain, D. A., Knowlton, L. M., Azagury, D. E., Nassar, A. K., … Pugh, C. M. (2020). Situating Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: A Focus on Disease Severity. Annals of Surgery, 272(3), 523–528.

Complication to consider: delayed traumatic hemothorax in older adults
Choi, J., Anand, A., Sborov, K. D., Walton, W., Chow, L., Guillamondegui, O., … Staudenmayer, K. (2021). Complication to consider: delayed traumatic hemothorax in older adults. Trauma Surgery Acute Care Open.

ACQUISITION OF MEDICAID AT THE TIME OF INJURY: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SUSTAINABLE INSURANCE COVERAGE.
Jaramillo, J. D., Arnow, K., Trickey, A. W., Dickerson, K., Wagner, T. H., Harris, A. H., … Knowlton, L. M. (2021). ACQUISITION OF MEDICAID AT THE TIME OF INJURY: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SUSTAINABLE INSURANCE COVERAGE. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

COVID-19 Impact on Surgical Resident Education and Coping.
Wise, C. E., Bereknyei Merrell, S., Sasnal, M., Forrester, J. D., Hawn, M. T., Lau, J. N., … Knowlton, L. M. (2021). COVID-19 Impact on Surgical Resident Education and Coping. The Journal of Surgical Research, 264, 534–43.

Scoping review of traumatic hemothorax: Evidence and knowledge gaps, from diagnosis to chest tube removal.
Choi, J., Villarreal, J., Andersen, W., Min, J. G., Touponse, G., Wong, C., … Forrester, J. D. (2021). Scoping review of traumatic hemothorax: Evidence and knowledge gaps, from diagnosis to chest tube removal. Surgery.

Practical computer vision application to detect hip fractures on pelvic X-rays: a bi-institutional study
Choi, J., Hui, J. Z., Spain, D. A., Su, Y.-S., Cheng, C.-T., & Liao, C.-H. (2021). Practical computer vision application to detect hip fractures on pelvic X-rays: a bi-institutional study. Trauma Surgery Acute Care Open .

Factors Associated With General Surgery Residents' Operative Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Purdy, A. C., de Virgilio, C., Kaji, A. H., Shields Frey, E., Lee-Kong, S., Inaba, K., … Amersi, F. (2021). Factors Associated With General Surgery Residents' Operative Experience During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Surgery.

Practical computer vision application to detect hip fractures on pelvic X-rays: a bi-institutional study.
Choi, J., Hui, J. Z., Spain, D., Su, Y.-S. S., Cheng, C.-T. T., & Liao, C.-H. H. (2021). Practical computer vision application to detect hip fractures on pelvic X-rays: a bi-institutional study. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 6(1), e000705.

Citation Inaccuracies in Influential Surgical Journals.
Choi, J., Gupta, A., Kaghazchi, A., Htwe, T. S., Baiocchi, M., & Spain, D. A. (2021). Citation Inaccuracies in Influential Surgical Journals. JAMA Surgery.

Modified percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19.
Sun, B. J., Wolff, C. J., Bechtold, H. M., Free, D., Lorenzo, J., Minot, P. R., … Forrester, J. D. (2020). Modified percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 5(1), e000625.

Rib Fracture Frailty Index: A Risk-Stratification Tool for Geriatric Patients with Multiple Rib Fractures.
Choi, J., Marafino, B. J., Vendrow, E. B., Tennakoon, L., Baiocchi, M., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2021). Rib Fracture Frailty Index: A Risk-Stratification Tool for Geriatric Patients with Multiple Rib Fractures. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Evidence-based surgery for laparoscopic appendectomy: A stepwise systematic review.
Bessoff, K. E., Choi, J., Wolff, C. J., Kashikar, A., Carlos, G. M., Caddell, L., … Forrester, J. D. (2021). Evidence-based surgery for laparoscopic appendectomy: A stepwise systematic review. Surgery Open Science, 6, 29–39.

Financial Burden of Traumatic Injury Amongst the Privately Insured.
Fu, S. J., Arnow, K., Trickey, A., Spain, D. A., Morris, A., & Knowlton, L. (2021). Financial Burden of Traumatic Injury Amongst the Privately Insured. Annals of Surgery.

Trauma and Acute Care Surgery: The Evolution of a Specialty.
Richardson, J. D., Spain, D. A., & Livingston, D. H. (2021). Trauma and Acute Care Surgery: The Evolution of a Specialty. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Practical Computer Vision Application to Compute Total Body Surface Area Burn: Reappraising a Fundamental Burn Injury Formula in the Modern Era.
Choi, J., Patil, A., Vendrow, E., Touponse, G., Aboukhater, L., Forrester, J. D., & Spain, D. A. (2021). Practical Computer Vision Application to Compute Total Body Surface Area Burn: Reappraising a Fundamental Burn Injury Formula in the Modern Era. JAMA Surgery.

Outcome-specific Injury Scores (OSIS): Development and Validation of Tailored Prediction Tools for Injured Older Adults
Choi, J., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Staudenmayer, K. L. (2021). Outcome-specific Injury Scores (OSIS): Development and Validation of Tailored Prediction Tools for Injured Older Adults. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC.

Traumatic Injury and Death Among Law Enforcement Officers
Patil, A., Tennakoon, L., Choi, J., Hakes, N., Spain, D. A., & Tung, J. (2021). Traumatic Injury and Death Among Law Enforcement Officers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC.

A National Evaluation of Ambulatory Surgery Utilization Among Emergency General Surgery and Trauma Patients
Tennakoon, L. D., Hakes, N. A., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2021). A National Evaluation of Ambulatory Surgery Utilization Among Emergency General Surgery and Trauma Patients. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC.

Challenging Traditional Paradigms in Posttraumatic Pulmonary Thromboembolism.
Knudson, M. M., Moore, E. E., Kornblith, L. Z., Shui, A. M., Brakenridge, S., Bruns, B. R., … Velmahos, G. C. (1800). Challenging Traditional Paradigms in Posttraumatic Pulmonary Thromboembolism. JAMA Surgery, e216356.

"Be Worthy".
Spain, D. A. (1800). "Be Worthy". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 92(1), 4–11.

Prospective study of long-term quality-of-life after rib fractures.
Choi, J., Khan, S., Sheira, D., Hakes, N. A., Aboukhater, L., & Spain, D. A. (1800). Prospective study of long-term quality-of-life after rib fractures. Surgery.

The Weight of Surgical Knowledge: Navigating Information Overload.
Choi, J., Stave, C., & Spain, D. A. (2021). The Weight of Surgical Knowledge: Navigating Information Overload. Annals of Surgery.

Professionalism of Admitting and Consulting Services and Trauma Patient Outcomes.
Cooper, W. O., Hickson, G. B., Guillamondegui, O. D., Cannon, J. W., Charles, A. G., Hoth, J. J., … Spain, D. A. (2022). Professionalism of Admitting and Consulting Services and Trauma Patient Outcomes. Annals of Surgery.

Building a Trainee-led Research Community to Propel Academic Productivity in Health Services Research.
Choi, J., Tennakoon, L., Khan, S., Jaramillo, J. D., Rajasingh, C. M., Hakes, N. A., … Spain, D. A. (2022). Building a Trainee-led Research Community to Propel Academic Productivity in Health Services Research. Journal of Surgical Education.

The Need to Routinely Convert Emergency Cricothyroidotomy to Tracheostomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Choi, J., Anderson, T. N., Sheira, D., Sousa, J., Borghi, J. A., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2022). The Need to Routinely Convert Emergency Cricothyroidotomy to Tracheostomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 234(5), 947–952.

A decade of hospital costs for firearm injuries in the United States by region, 2005-2015: government healthcare costs and firearm policies.
Spitzer, S. A., Forrester, J. D., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Weiser, T. G. (2022). A decade of hospital costs for firearm injuries in the United States by region, 2005-2015: government healthcare costs and firearm policies. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 7(1), e000854.

Improving tracheostomy delivery for trauma and surgical critical care patients: timely trach initiative.
McShane, E. K., Sun, B. J., Maggio, P. M., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2022). Improving tracheostomy delivery for trauma and surgical critical care patients: timely trach initiative. BMJ Open Quality, 11(2).

Management of an internal hernia through the foramen of Winslow
Titan, A. L., Garagliano, J. M., & Spain, D. (2022). Management of an internal hernia through the foramen of Winslow. TRAUMA SURGERY & ACUTE CARE OPEN, 7(1).

Developing and Leading a Sustainable Organization for Early Career Acute Care Surgeons: Lessons from the Inaugural AAST Associate Member Council.
Dumas, R. P., Bankhead, B. K., Coleman, J. R., Dhillon, N. K., Meizoso, J. P., Bessoff, K., … Knowlton, L. M. (2022). Developing and Leading a Sustainable Organization for Early Career Acute Care Surgeons: Lessons from the Inaugural AAST Associate Member Council. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Management of an internal hernia through the foramen of Winslow.
Titan, A. L., Garagliano, J. M., & Spain, D. (2022). Management of an internal hernia through the foramen of Winslow. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 7(1), e000960.

Access to American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma-Verified Trauma Centers in the US, 2013-2019.
Choi, J., Karr, S., Jain, A., Harris, T. C., Chavez, J. C., & Spain, D. A. (2022). Access to American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma-Verified Trauma Centers in the US, 2013-2019. JAMA, 328(4), 391–393.

Racial/ethnic differences in acute and longer-term posttraumatic symptoms following traumatic injury or illness.
Cruz-Gonzalez, M., Alegria, M., Palmieri, P. A., Spain, D. A., Barlow, M. R., Shieh, L., … Carlson, E. B. (2022). Racial/ethnic differences in acute and longer-term posttraumatic symptoms following traumatic injury or illness. Psychological Medicine, 1–10.

Explainable Machine Learning to Bring Database to the Bedside: Development and Validation of the TROUT (Trauma fRailty OUTcomes) Index, a Point-of-Care Tool to Prognosticate Outcomes after Traumatic Injury based on Frailty.
Choi, J., Anderson, T., Tennakoon, L., Spain, D. A., & Forrester, J. D. (2022). Explainable Machine Learning to Bring Database to the Bedside: Development and Validation of the TROUT (Trauma fRailty OUTcomes) Index, a Point-of-Care Tool to Prognosticate Outcomes after Traumatic Injury based on Frailty. Annals of Surgery.

Access to American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma-Verified Trauma Centers in the US, 2013-2019
Choi, J., Karr, S., Jain, A., Harris, T. C., Chavez, J. C., & Spain, D. A. (2022). Access to American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma-Verified Trauma Centers in the US, 2013-2019. JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 328(4), 391–393.

EMERGENCY MEDICAID PROGRAMS MAY BE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PROVIDING SUSTAINED INSURANCE AMONG TRAUMA PATIENTS: A STATEWIDE LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS.
Knowlton, L. M., Tran, L. D., Arnow, K., Trickey, A. W., Morris, A. M., Spain, D. A., & Wagner, T. H. (2022). EMERGENCY MEDICAID PROGRAMS MAY BE AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PROVIDING SUSTAINED INSURANCE AMONG TRAUMA PATIENTS: A STATEWIDE LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Contemporary management of obturator hernia.
Anderson, T., Bessoff, K. E., Spain, D., & Choi, J. (2022). Contemporary management of obturator hernia. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 7(1), e001011.

Development and Initial Performance of a Hospital Mental Health Risk Screen
Spain, D. A., Palmieri, P. A., Shieh, L., Bruns, B. R., Williams, M., & Carlson, E. B. (2022). Development and Initial Performance of a Hospital Mental Health Risk Screen. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.

Management of Uncomplicated Appendicitis in Adults: A Nationwide Analysis of Healthcare Use, Cost, and Outcomes From 2018-2019
Tennakoon, L., Korah, M. M., Tung, J. T., Spain, D. A., & Ko, A. (2022). Management of Uncomplicated Appendicitis in Adults: A Nationwide Analysis of Healthcare Use, Cost, and Outcomes From 2018-2019. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS.

A National Evaluation of Emergency General Surgery Outcomes Among Hospitalized Cardiac Patients.
Tennakoon, L., Hakes, N. A., Nassar, A. K., Spain, D. A., & Knowlton, L. M. (2022). A National Evaluation of Emergency General Surgery Outcomes Among Hospitalized Cardiac Patients. The Journal of Surgical Research, 283, 24–32.

Disparities in detection of suspected child abuse.
Diyaolu, M., Ye, C., Huang, Z., Han, R., Wild, H., Tennakoon, L., … Chao, S. D. (2022). Disparities in detection of suspected child abuse. Journal of Pediatric Surgery.

Appraising the Quality of Development and Reporting in Surgical Prediction Models.
Marwaha, J. S., Chen, H. W., Habashy, K., Choi, J., Spain, D. A., & Brat, G. A. (2022). Appraising the Quality of Development and Reporting in Surgical Prediction Models. JAMA Surgery.

Precision Medicine as a Blueprint for Surgical Education: Concepts and Competencies.
Montgomery, K. B., Sarosi, G. A., Spain, D. A., & Lindeman, B. (2022). Precision Medicine as a Blueprint for Surgical Education: Concepts and Competencies. Annals of Surgery.

Maturing as an Impactful Academic Surgeon during Residency Research Time.
Choi, J., & Spain, D. A. (2022). Maturing as an Impactful Academic Surgeon during Residency Research Time. Annals of Surgery.

Contributions of SCCPDS to the Training of Surgeons.
Ali, Y., Davis, K., Chiu, W., Cioffi, W., Luchette, F., Tisherman, S., & Spain, D. (2022). Contributions of SCCPDS to the Training of Surgeons. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Insurance churn after adult traumatic injury: a national evaluation among a large private insurance database.
Fu, S. J., Arnow, K., Barreto, N. B., Aouad, M., Trickey, A. W., Spain, D. A., … Knowlton, L. (2022). Insurance churn after adult traumatic injury: a national evaluation among a large private insurance database. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Developing an Inpatient Relationship Centered Communication Curriculum (I-RCCC) rounding framework for surgical teams.
Nassar, A. K., Weimer-Elder, B., Yang, R., Kline, M., Dang, B. K., Spain, D. A., … Johnson, T. (2023). Developing an Inpatient Relationship Centered Communication Curriculum (I-RCCC) rounding framework for surgical teams. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 137.

FasterRib: A Deep Learning Algorithm to Automate Identification and Characterization of Rib Fractures on Chest Computed Tomography Scans.
Edamadaka, S., Brown, D. J., Swaroop, R., Kolodner, M., Spain, D. A., Forrester, J. D., & Choi, J. (2023). FasterRib: A Deep Learning Algorithm to Automate Identification and Characterization of Rib Fractures on Chest Computed Tomography Scans. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Ensuring excellence in patient care, research, and education: thoughts on leadership and teamwork.
Spain, D. A. (2023). Ensuring excellence in patient care, research, and education: thoughts on leadership and teamwork. Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, 8(1), e001027.