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Combination Therapy with Anti-PD-1, Anti-TIM-3, and Focal Radiation Results in Regression of Murine Gliomas CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH Kim, J. E., Patel, M. A., Mangraviti, A., Kim, E. S., Theodros, D., Velarde, E., Liu, A., Sankey, E. W., Tam, A., Xu, H., Mathios, D., Jackson, C. M., Harris-Bookman, S., Garzon-Muvdi, T., Sheu, M., Martin, A. M., Tyler, B. M., Tran, P. T., Ye, X., Olivi, A., Taube, J. M., Burger, P. C., Drake, C. G., Brem, H., Pardoll, D. M., Lim, M. 2017; 23 (1): 124–36

Abstract

Checkpoint molecules like programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) are negative immune regulators that may be upregulated in the setting of glioblastoma multiforme. Combined PD-1 blockade and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) have been shown to improve antitumor immunity and produce long-term survivors in a murine glioma model. However, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can express multiple checkpoints, and expression of =2 checkpoints corresponds to a more exhausted T-cell phenotype. We investigate TIM-3 expression in a glioma model and the antitumor efficacy of TIM-3 blockade alone and in combination with anti-PD-1 and SRS.C57BL/6 mice were implanted with murine glioma cell line GL261-luc2 and randomized into 8 treatment arms: (i) control, (ii) SRS, (iii) anti-PD-1 antibody, (iv) anti-TIM-3 antibody, (v) anti-PD-1 + SRS, (vi) anti-TIM-3 + SRS, (vii) anti-PD-1 + anti-TIM-3, and (viii) anti-PD-1 + anti-TIM-3 + SRS. Survival and immune activation were assessed.Dual therapy with anti-TIM-3 antibody + SRS or anti-TIM-3 + anti-PD-1 improved survival compared with anti-TIM-3 antibody alone. Triple therapy resulted in 100% overall survival (P < 0.05), a significant improvement compared with other arms. Long-term survivors demonstrated increased immune cell infiltration and activity and immune memory. Finally, positive staining for TIM-3 was detected in 7 of 8 human GBM samples.This is the first preclinical investigation on the effects of dual PD-1 and TIM-3 blockade with radiation. We also demonstrate the presence of TIM-3 in human glioblastoma multiforme and provide preclinical evidence for a novel treatment combination that can potentially result in long-term glioma survival and constitutes a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 124-36. ©2016 AACR.

View details for DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1535

View details for Web of Science ID 000393876300017

View details for PubMedID 27358487

View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5735836