Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVE: HRAD± was developed to quickly assess pediatric perioperative affect and cooperation. HRAD± represents: Happy, Relaxed, Anxious, Distressed, with a yes/no answer to cooperativity. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of HRAD± as an affect and cooperation assessment tool for inhalational mask induction. Secondary aims examined inter-rater reliability (IRR) of HRAD± and predictive validity of induction HRAD± with emergence delirium.DESIGN: This was a prospective observational investigation.SETTING: We conducted this investigation at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, an academic, quaternary care children's hospital in Northern California.PATIENTS: A total of 197 patients were included in this investigation. Children 1-14years of age, who underwent daytime procedures with inhalational induction of anesthesia and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-III were eligible.INTERVENTIONS: During mask induction, two trained research assistants (RAs) independently scored the patient's affect and cooperation. After extubation, the same investigators observed the patient's emergence.MEASUREMENTS: RAs scored each mask induction using the following scales: HRAD±, modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS), Observation Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD), and Induction Compliance Checklist (ICC). Correlations were calculated to HRAD±. IRR of HRAD± between the RAs as well as predictive validity of HRAD± to Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED), Watcha and Cravero scales were calculated.MAIN RESULTS: HRAD± scores strongly correlated with mYPAS (r=0.840, p<0.0001) with moderate correlation to OSBD (r=0.685, p<0.0001) and ICC (-0.663, p<0.0001). IRR was moderate for the affect and cooperation portion of the HRAD± scale, respectively (kappa=0.595 [p<0.0001], kappa=0.478 [p<0.0001]). A weak correlation was observed with PAED (r=0.134 [p=0.0597]) vs HRAD±. No correlations were observed between Watcha (r=0.013 [p=0.8559]) and Cravero and HRAD± scales (r=0.002 [p=0.9767]).CONCLUSIONS: HRAD± is a clinically useful and simple scale for evaluating pediatric affect and cooperation during inhalational mask induction. Results demonstrate correlation with commonly utilized research assessment scales.

View details for DOI 10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111410

View details for PubMedID 38340678