Stanford’s teams provide expert diagnosis of thyroid nodules so that you can confidently understand your condition and make decisions about your next steps. A complete diagnosis includes a physical exam and imaging tests to understand whether nodules are benign (noncancerous) or cancerous.

We perform diagnostic tests in our clinic so you can get answers the same day, without multiple trips to Stanford. Your diagnostic process may include:

• Ultrasound imaging: We evaluate thyroid nodules using ultrasound imaging, a test that uses sound waves to show the shape of any abnormalities in or on the thyroid gland. Some people may need additional imaging. Your doctor will explain other options if they are appropriate for you.
  
• Biopsy: Based on the ultrasound findings, we evaluate some thyroid nodules further with fine-needle aspiration biopsy. This test uses a thin needle to remove some cells from the thyroid nodule to be examined in the lab.
• Preoperative laryngoscopy: In this procedure, your doctor checks your vocal cords to see if they are moving normally. We use a laryngoscope (a narrow tube with a light and camera) to examine the vocal cords and larynx. The results help us customize your procedure for the best possible outcome.
  
• Laboratory tests: We may measure hormone levels such as thyroid hormone (thyroxine, or T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). These tests can tell us whether the thyroid nodule is affecting your thyroid’s function. If it is, we’ll explain how we may be able to address those functional issues.