The Los Angeles Times: COVID-19 vaccines — minus the needle? Researchers working on capsules, nasal sprays

With 13 COVID-19 vaccines in use around the world, pharmaceutical companies are exploring second-generation technology that could change how doses are administered and distributed. These vaccines could be taken orally as a capsule that could be swallowed, as a tablet that dissolves under the tongue or as a nasal spray. Such formulations would not require refrigeration, nor would they need healthcare workers to administer them. Lawrence Steinman, MD, Stanford Medicine professor of neurology and pediatrics, provides comment.