What Complications May Occur after Surgery?

Sometimes, complications can occur following surgery. The following are the most common complications, as defined by the American Medical Association. However, individuals may experience complications and discomforts differently. Specific treatment for any post-surgical complication(s) will be based on:

• Your age, overall health, and medical history
• Extent of the disease
• Type of surgery performed
• Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
• Your opinion or preference
  

Complications may include:

Shock

Shock is the dangerous reduction of blood flow throughout the body. Shock is most often caused by reduced blood pressure. Treatment may include any/all of the following:

• Stopping any blood loss
• Maintaining an open airway
• Keeping the patient flat
• Reducing heat loss with blankets
• Intravenous infusion of fluid or blood
• Oxygen therapy
• Medication
  

Hemorrhage

Hemorrhage means bleeding. Rapid blood loss from the site of surgery, for example, can lead to shock. Treatment of rapid blood loss may include:

• Infusions of saline solution and plasma preparation to help replace fluids
• Blood transfusion
  

Wound infection

When bacteria enter the site of surgery, an infection can result. Infections can delay healing. Wound infections can spread to adjacent organs or tissue, or to distant areas through the blood stream.

Treatment of wound infections may include:

• Antibiotics
• Draining of any abscess

Deep vein thrombosis

Sometimes blood clotting occurs within deep-lying veins. Large blood clots can break free and clog an artery to the heart, leading to heart failure. Treatment depends on the location and the extent of the blood clot, and may include:

• Anticoagulant medications (to prevent clotting)
• Thrombolytic medications (to dissolve clots)
• Surgery
  

Pulmonary complications

Sometimes, pulmonary complications arise due to lack of deep breathing within 48 hours of surgery. This may also result from inhaling food, water, or blood, or pneumonia. Symptoms may include wheezing, chest pain, fever, and cough (among others).

Urinary retention

Temporary urine retention, or the inability to empty the bladder, may occur after surgery. Caused by the anesthetic, urinary retention is usually treated by the insertion of a catheter to drain the bladder until the patient regains bladder control.

Reaction to anesthesia

Although rare, allergies to anesthetics do occur. Symptoms can range from lightheadedness to liver toxicity.