Post-Testicular

Factors that affect the ability of the sperm to travel from the site of production (testicle) to leave the body in the ejaculate

Examples: hernia repair, absent vas deferens, ejaculatory duct abnormalities, vasectomy, genital tract infection, genetic factors, retrograde ejaculation, erectile dysfunction

• Genetic diseases: Cystic fibrosis, an inherited condition that typically involves the lungs and pancreas, but can present also as a cause of infertility with or without mild sinus problems; 6 to 10 percent of men with obstructive azoospermia have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), which means they were born without the vas deferens; of these, over 70 percent may have cystic fibrosis or carry a mutation in the cystic fibrosis gene.